What is Ligne number? Button specification with Ligne no.

What is ligne?

Ligne is a French word meaning Line. For measuring diameter of the buttons we use ligne where 1 ligne is equal to 1/40 inch. In millimeter 1 Ligne equal 0.625 mm. Normally it is used as sign of L. It refers button size. Button manufacturers were using ligne since early eighteen. Ligne is the internationally recognized standard.

Materials used for producing buttons are ABS plated, Alloy Metal, Aluminum, Brass, Cast, Fabric Covered, Buffalo Horn, Cow Horn, Ox Horn, Real Horn, Animal Bone, Coconut Shell, Wood, Imitation Pearl Polyester, Imitation Shell Polyester, Melamine, Metals, Nylon, Natural Pearl, Polyester Chalk, Polymat Polyester, Rubber, Natural Shell, Urea, and Natural Wood. These wide variations of buttons are used for baby wear, children wear, men’s and women’s wear, toys and consumer goods.

Garments are made from denim fabrics frequently used metal fasteners at CF closer. A 24L snap button is equal to 5/8 inch. See the below image for clear conception.

1/3"	14 ligne
3/8"	16 ligne
7/16"	18 ligne
1/2"	20 ligne
9/16"	22 ligne
5/8"	24 ligne
3/4"	30 ligne
7/8"	36 ligne
1 1/8"	45 ligne
1 3/8"	55 ligne
1 3/4"	70 ligne

Below buttons are normally used in  Garments Industries for functional and decorative purposes.

• Bone
• Coconut Shell
• Plastic
• Sea Shell
• Horn
• Wood
• Buckles
• Hand Painted
• Toggles
• Synthetic

What is Ligne number? Button specification with Ligne no.

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What is ligne?

Ligne is a French word meaning Line. For measuring diameter of the buttons we use ligne where 1 ligne is equal to 1/40 inch. In millimeter 1 Ligne equal 0.625 mm. Normally it is used as sign of L. It refers button size. Button manufacturers were using ligne since early eighteen. Ligne is the internationally recognized standard.

Materials used for producing buttons are ABS plated, Alloy Metal, Aluminum, Brass, Cast, Fabric Covered, Buffalo Horn, Cow Horn, Ox Horn, Real Horn, Animal Bone, Coconut Shell, Wood, Imitation Pearl Polyester, Imitation Shell Polyester, Melamine, Metals, Nylon, Natural Pearl, Polyester Chalk, Polymat Polyester, Rubber, Natural Shell, Urea, and Natural Wood. These wide variations of buttons are used for baby wear, children wear, men’s and women’s wear, toys and consumer goods.

Garments are made from denim fabrics frequently used metal fasteners at CF closer. A 24L snap button is equal to 5/8 inch. See the below image for clear conception.

1/3"	14 ligne
3/8"	16 ligne
7/16"	18 ligne
1/2"	20 ligne
9/16"	22 ligne
5/8"	24 ligne
3/4"	30 ligne
7/8"	36 ligne
1 1/8"	45 ligne
1 3/8"	55 ligne
1 3/4"	70 ligne

Below buttons are normally used in  Garments Industries for functional and decorative purposes.

• Bone
• Coconut Shell
• Plastic
• Sea Shell
• Horn
• Wood
• Buckles
• Hand Painted
• Toggles
• Synthetic

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M.Sc in Textile Engineering in Bangladesh | MBSTU Offers M.Sc in Textile Engineering

Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University offers to textile graduates to have a post graduation with 35 seats. Textile graduates (4 years) from any recognized university can apply against 32 seats and 3 seats are reserved for freedom fighter, tribal and teachers quota. You have to attend to 100 marks admission test available with one and a half hours. Graduates of Bangladesh have been dreamed to achieve this post graduation degree. Three semester courses included one with research. 

So many graduates can not attend there due to the fear of questioning. They can not realize what type of questions will be faced. Therefore we have tried to give you some questionnaires as sample. These questions are only for your easy reference but not for final understanding. You will be prepared yourself according to the provided types of questions. 

Fiber portion
a)    Define lint and linters
b)    ?
c)    ?
d)    What is micro fiber?

Testing Portion
a)    What do you mean by CSP.
b)    ?
c)    What do you mean by quality index
d)    ?

Yarn Manufacturing Portion
a)    Objectives of mixing & blending
b)    Describe 4 over 4 roller drafting system
c)    ?
d)    ?
e)    ?
f)    ?

Weaving portion
a)    ?
b)    Ingredients use for weighing, wetting agents in case of sizing.
c)   ?
d)    ?
e)    ?

f)    Mention the motion of loom

Dyeing Portion:
a)    ?

b)    Does bleaching require for all shade? If yes or no give your opinion.
c)    ?
d)    Why sanforizing finishing is done?
e)    ?
f)    ?

Garment Portion:
a)    Write the differences between lining and interlining.
b)    ?
c)    ?
d)    What do you mean by under pressing and final pressing?
e)    ?
f)    ?

Dear Readers,

We have given this questions for helping you to take a proper preparation to contest in the examination. We think competition should be more with attending of more students to the admission test. MBSTU can change the admission test procedure as well as question type, then the author will not liable for this inconsistency. We want, you become successful through studying more.


M.Sc Admission test sample question of BUTEX will available within a couple of days.

MORE YOU READ MORE YOU LEARN

M.Sc in Textile Engineering in Bangladesh | MBSTU Offers M.Sc in Textile Engineering

1 comment

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Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University offers to textile graduates to have a post graduation with 35 seats. Textile graduates (4 years) from any recognized university can apply against 32 seats and 3 seats are reserved for freedom fighter, tribal and teachers quota. You have to attend to 100 marks admission test available with one and a half hours. Graduates of Bangladesh have been dreamed to achieve this post graduation degree. Three semester courses included one with research. 

So many graduates can not attend there due to the fear of questioning. They can not realize what type of questions will be faced. Therefore we have tried to give you some questionnaires as sample. These questions are only for your easy reference but not for final understanding. You will be prepared yourself according to the provided types of questions. 

Fiber portion
a)    Define lint and linters
b)    ?
c)    ?
d)    What is micro fiber?

Testing Portion
a)    What do you mean by CSP.
b)    ?
c)    What do you mean by quality index
d)    ?

Yarn Manufacturing Portion
a)    Objectives of mixing & blending
b)    Describe 4 over 4 roller drafting system
c)    ?
d)    ?
e)    ?
f)    ?

Weaving portion
a)    ?
b)    Ingredients use for weighing, wetting agents in case of sizing.
c)   ?
d)    ?
e)    ?

f)    Mention the motion of loom

Dyeing Portion:
a)    ?

b)    Does bleaching require for all shade? If yes or no give your opinion.
c)    ?
d)    Why sanforizing finishing is done?
e)    ?
f)    ?

Garment Portion:
a)    Write the differences between lining and interlining.
b)    ?
c)    ?
d)    What do you mean by under pressing and final pressing?
e)    ?
f)    ?

Dear Readers,

We have given this questions for helping you to take a proper preparation to contest in the examination. We think competition should be more with attending of more students to the admission test. MBSTU can change the admission test procedure as well as question type, then the author will not liable for this inconsistency. We want, you become successful through studying more.


M.Sc Admission test sample question of BUTEX will available within a couple of days.

MORE YOU READ MORE YOU LEARN

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Different Types of Woven Fabrics | Commecial Name of Woven Fabrics

Three types of basic fabrics are available in world market according to weave and design. They are Plain, Twill & Satin. Plain weave is used to make shirting, suiting as well as dress fabrics. Twill weave has many derivatives where diagonal line contains a special character of twill. Twill weave is used to make a wide variety of commercial fabrics used for jeans, heavy garments, pants as well as jacket type cloths. For fancy fabric satin weave is widely used.

Cambric: it is a finest, more densely woven plain weave fabric with stiff nature at the face.  This light weight fabric is made with cotton or linen. Crispy is another character of this fabric thus it is used to women and children wear where crispy is required. Also used for linen, shirting, lace and needlework.

Chiffon: It is a light weight plain weave fabric made from cotton, silk and synthetic rayon as well as polyester. Very hard twisted yarns as alternate S or Z twist crepe yarns are used to produce this fabric. Under reviewing with a magnifying glass it resembles as net with mesh of fine yarns. It can be dyed easily but polyester made chiffon cannot be dyed. These fabrics are used for women wears widely.

Corduroy: This is woven fabric like as twill weave containing special character as cord effect. It is cut pile fabric available in solid color. The fabric looks as if it is made from multiple cords laid parallel to each other and then stitched together. These are made from tufted twisted yarns and more durable fabric thus it is used for pant, shirt, jacket as well as jeans wear.

Crepe: It is a hard spun silk fabric is originally characterized by a crinkle, puckered surface formed by highly twisted yarns in the warp or weft or both. By using ordinary yarns similar crepe effects can also be produced. Synthetic fabrics also impart crepe effect finish. It is used for sarees, shirts, women and children's dresses.

Denim: Traditionally denim is woven fabric of 2/1 or 3/1 right hand twill. The warp yarns are dyed and filling or weft remains white. Normally warps are dyed with indigo color widely used for blue jeans but there are others colored denims are produced as maroon, green and brown. It is very tightly woven, strong & durable fabric normally made with higher count containing yarns. Open ended yarns are frequently used for denim fabric making as well as ring spun yarns are used in a wide range. Denim is used for making blue jeans very widely as well as trousers, jackets, shirts etc.

Different Types of Woven Fabrics | Commecial Name of Woven Fabrics

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Three types of basic fabrics are available in world market according to weave and design. They are Plain, Twill & Satin. Plain weave is used to make shirting, suiting as well as dress fabrics. Twill weave has many derivatives where diagonal line contains a special character of twill. Twill weave is used to make a wide variety of commercial fabrics used for jeans, heavy garments, pants as well as jacket type cloths. For fancy fabric satin weave is widely used.

Cambric: it is a finest, more densely woven plain weave fabric with stiff nature at the face.  This light weight fabric is made with cotton or linen. Crispy is another character of this fabric thus it is used to women and children wear where crispy is required. Also used for linen, shirting, lace and needlework.

Chiffon: It is a light weight plain weave fabric made from cotton, silk and synthetic rayon as well as polyester. Very hard twisted yarns as alternate S or Z twist crepe yarns are used to produce this fabric. Under reviewing with a magnifying glass it resembles as net with mesh of fine yarns. It can be dyed easily but polyester made chiffon cannot be dyed. These fabrics are used for women wears widely.

Corduroy: This is woven fabric like as twill weave containing special character as cord effect. It is cut pile fabric available in solid color. The fabric looks as if it is made from multiple cords laid parallel to each other and then stitched together. These are made from tufted twisted yarns and more durable fabric thus it is used for pant, shirt, jacket as well as jeans wear.

Crepe: It is a hard spun silk fabric is originally characterized by a crinkle, puckered surface formed by highly twisted yarns in the warp or weft or both. By using ordinary yarns similar crepe effects can also be produced. Synthetic fabrics also impart crepe effect finish. It is used for sarees, shirts, women and children's dresses.

Denim: Traditionally denim is woven fabric of 2/1 or 3/1 right hand twill. The warp yarns are dyed and filling or weft remains white. Normally warps are dyed with indigo color widely used for blue jeans but there are others colored denims are produced as maroon, green and brown. It is very tightly woven, strong & durable fabric normally made with higher count containing yarns. Open ended yarns are frequently used for denim fabric making as well as ring spun yarns are used in a wide range. Denim is used for making blue jeans very widely as well as trousers, jackets, shirts etc.

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Garments Manufacturing Flow Chart | Apparel Making Flow Chart

Garments making runs through numerous processes, procedures and planning with executing them properly. Taking an order from buyer till shipment a merchandiser, production team, wash team and commercial team as well as management have to work on a systematic way. The procedures you will have to follow depend on your factory policy as well as buyer requirements. The common procedures for making garments can follow the bellow process sequence as reference.

Garments Manufacturing Flow Chart | Apparel Making Flow Chart

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Garments making runs through numerous processes, procedures and planning with executing them properly. Taking an order from buyer till shipment a merchandiser, production team, wash team and commercial team as well as management have to work on a systematic way. The procedures you will have to follow depend on your factory policy as well as buyer requirements. The common procedures for making garments can follow the bellow process sequence as reference.

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Determining of Woven Fabric Face and Back Side

In cutting section we frequently found troublesome to detect fabric face as well as back side properly. When the fabric roll does not contain any mark or specifucation as face or back we face this difficulties. The bellow understanding will help someone to detect the woven fabric face side more easily and precisely.

General Methods You can Apply to Detect a Fabric Face or Back

• Brushed or peach fabric the face side is generally peached or brushed.
• Face side of a fabric will be clearer and softer than the back side.
• Fabric of textured yarn the texture will be more visible in the face side.
• Diagonal lines of twill fabrics will be more visible on the face side of the fabric.
• Fabrics with fancy design have smoother weaves on the face side.
• Cloths with color are usually brighter on the face
• Cords are more pronounced on the face
• Sateen fabric show face by weft on top
• In case of Satins warp on top
• Dobby fabrics and brocades have the pattern more prominent on the face
• Pile fabric with brilliant color on top
• Pile fabric with more pile on the face

When getting fabric roll from suppliers we can easily determine the face side through the bellow methods:

• Denim fabric shows colored yarns on top or face
• Face side of single-layer roll is fabric face side.
• Inside face of double-plied roll is fabric face side
• Side with printed trade mark at both ends is fabric face
• Upper side of printed letter on the selvage
• If selvage contains stentering holes, more regularly shows face

Determining of Woven Fabric Face and Back Side

1 comment

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In cutting section we frequently found troublesome to detect fabric face as well as back side properly. When the fabric roll does not contain any mark or specifucation as face or back we face this difficulties. The bellow understanding will help someone to detect the woven fabric face side more easily and precisely.

General Methods You can Apply to Detect a Fabric Face or Back

• Brushed or peach fabric the face side is generally peached or brushed.
• Face side of a fabric will be clearer and softer than the back side.
• Fabric of textured yarn the texture will be more visible in the face side.
• Diagonal lines of twill fabrics will be more visible on the face side of the fabric.
• Fabrics with fancy design have smoother weaves on the face side.
• Cloths with color are usually brighter on the face
• Cords are more pronounced on the face
• Sateen fabric show face by weft on top
• In case of Satins warp on top
• Dobby fabrics and brocades have the pattern more prominent on the face
• Pile fabric with brilliant color on top
• Pile fabric with more pile on the face

When getting fabric roll from suppliers we can easily determine the face side through the bellow methods:

• Denim fabric shows colored yarns on top or face
• Face side of single-layer roll is fabric face side.
• Inside face of double-plied roll is fabric face side
• Side with printed trade mark at both ends is fabric face
• Upper side of printed letter on the selvage
• If selvage contains stentering holes, more regularly shows face

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General Procedures for Garment Merchandising - Responsibilities of an Apparel Merchandiser

Merchandising is the department through which procedures are planned, developed, executed and presented to the buyer. From start to finish a order whole job is directing, planning and observing by a merchandiser.

Key responsibilities for a merchandiser:

• Contact with buyer to get TP or PDM
• Garment development
• Market analysis
• Costing
• Delivery confirmation from buyer (delivery mode)
• Sampling
• Booking orders
• Fabric and trims booking
• L/C or commercial other terms follow up
• Payment follow up
• Lab dips (if required)
• Request for management for production line, wash, print and embroidery allocation
• Advising, directing and assisting production
• Advising quality department about quality level
• Mediating production and quality departments
• Giving shipping instructions and following shipping,
• Helping documentation department
• Taking responsibility for inspections and
• Following up the shipment

Merchandising Job Procedure:

The Short Terms Used Here Are:

TP - Tech Pack (Technical Package)
PDM - Product Development Manual
CAD - Computer Aided Design (Pattern & Marker making)
IED - Industrial Engineering Department
PCD - Plan Cut Date (Fabric cutting date on bulk production)
GSD - General Sewing Data
ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning

General Procedures for Garment Merchandising - Responsibilities of an Apparel Merchandiser

No comments

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Merchandising is the department through which procedures are planned, developed, executed and presented to the buyer. From start to finish a order whole job is directing, planning and observing by a merchandiser.

Key responsibilities for a merchandiser:

• Contact with buyer to get TP or PDM
• Garment development
• Market analysis
• Costing
• Delivery confirmation from buyer (delivery mode)
• Sampling
• Booking orders
• Fabric and trims booking
• L/C or commercial other terms follow up
• Payment follow up
• Lab dips (if required)
• Request for management for production line, wash, print and embroidery allocation
• Advising, directing and assisting production
• Advising quality department about quality level
• Mediating production and quality departments
• Giving shipping instructions and following shipping,
• Helping documentation department
• Taking responsibility for inspections and
• Following up the shipment

Merchandising Job Procedure:

The Short Terms Used Here Are:

TP - Tech Pack (Technical Package)
PDM - Product Development Manual
CAD - Computer Aided Design (Pattern & Marker making)
IED - Industrial Engineering Department
PCD - Plan Cut Date (Fabric cutting date on bulk production)
GSD - General Sewing Data
ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning

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Measuring GSM of Fabric Without GSM Cutter | Woven Fabric GSM Measurement

GSM is the short form of Grams per Square Meter. GSM is the very most important thing which defines the weight of the fabrics of knit garments.

Garment price and quality based on many things like GSM, fabric quality, colors, finishing, prints, embroidery, style, etc. But GSM is the most important thing to be decided when confirming the prices between the sellers and buyers.

If we have fabrics, then we don’t have any problem in finding GSM, as we can cut any dimension to find GSM. But most of the times, we will have only the garments to find GSM. And we will have to keep the garment for style, making and other references. So we will be allowed to cut a small bit from the garments. Hence nowadays, round cutters are used. This system is used worldwide. With the help of this round cutter, the fabric will be cut into a small bit.

Then the GSM of the fabric can be found out by multiplying the weight of this round bit by 100. This round bit is to be weighed in an electronic scale with milligram accuracy. As this bit is very small and as the weight has to be multiplied by 100, the fabric has to be cut very sharply to get the exact GSM. Hence the blades of this round cutter are to be  sharp and new to get the exact GSM.

Now we will measure GSM in general procedure (In case of woven garment it is frequently used)

 GSM is the weight of 1meter x 1meter fabric. It means 100cm x 100cm = 10,000 sq.cms. It can be found out by any one of the below ways.

·         By the weight of 100cm x 100cm fabric bit.

·         By the weight of 50cm x 50cm fabric bit multiplied by 4.

·         By the weight of 25cm x 25cm fabric bit multiplied by 16.

·         By the weight of 10cm x 10cm fabric bit multiplied by 100.

We must be aware that if we use the smaller size bit, accurate GSM can not be achieved. The bigger size of fabric bit is better used to get exact or closer GSM.

Measuring GSM of Fabric Without GSM Cutter | Woven Fabric GSM Measurement

No comments

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GSM is the short form of Grams per Square Meter. GSM is the very most important thing which defines the weight of the fabrics of knit garments.

Garment price and quality based on many things like GSM, fabric quality, colors, finishing, prints, embroidery, style, etc. But GSM is the most important thing to be decided when confirming the prices between the sellers and buyers.

If we have fabrics, then we don’t have any problem in finding GSM, as we can cut any dimension to find GSM. But most of the times, we will have only the garments to find GSM. And we will have to keep the garment for style, making and other references. So we will be allowed to cut a small bit from the garments. Hence nowadays, round cutters are used. This system is used worldwide. With the help of this round cutter, the fabric will be cut into a small bit.

Then the GSM of the fabric can be found out by multiplying the weight of this round bit by 100. This round bit is to be weighed in an electronic scale with milligram accuracy. As this bit is very small and as the weight has to be multiplied by 100, the fabric has to be cut very sharply to get the exact GSM. Hence the blades of this round cutter are to be  sharp and new to get the exact GSM.

Now we will measure GSM in general procedure (In case of woven garment it is frequently used)

 GSM is the weight of 1meter x 1meter fabric. It means 100cm x 100cm = 10,000 sq.cms. It can be found out by any one of the below ways.

·         By the weight of 100cm x 100cm fabric bit.

·         By the weight of 50cm x 50cm fabric bit multiplied by 4.

·         By the weight of 25cm x 25cm fabric bit multiplied by 16.

·         By the weight of 10cm x 10cm fabric bit multiplied by 100.

We must be aware that if we use the smaller size bit, accurate GSM can not be achieved. The bigger size of fabric bit is better used to get exact or closer GSM.

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