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Showing posts with label Apparel. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Apparel. Show all posts
 
Abbreviations on entire apparel sector are used frequently in daily job to minimize wordings during communication. A top potential leaders must have the knowledge so that he/she can grab and reply to the opposite person in a conversation or mailing. Below are the best and most usable abbreviations that we face regularly in our daily work.



RMG: Ready Made Garments

BGMEA: Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association

BKMEA: Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association

BTMC: Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation

BTMA: Bangladesh Textile Mills Association

BGWUC: Bangladesh Garments Worker Unit Council

WTO: World Trade Organization

AQL: Acceptable Quality Level

CBL: Center Back Line

CFL: Center Front Line

FOB: Free On Board

FCA: Free Carrier

GPT: Garments Performance Test

FPT: Fabric Performance Test

FDS: Fabric Data Sheet

EPB: Exporter Promotion Bureau

C & F: Cost & Freight

CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight

CM: Cost of Making

CMT: Cost of Making with Trimming

NSA: No Seam Allowance

BOM: Bill Of Materials

BL: Bill of Loading

COO: Certificate of Origin

L/C: Letter of Credit

BB L/C: Back to Back L/C

UD: Utilization Declaration

UP: Utilization Permission

AAQC: American Association of Quality Control

LCA: Letter of Credit Authorization

PSI: Pre-Shipment Inspection

CAD: Computer Aided Design

CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing

PTS: Primary Textile Sector

GDP: Growth Domestic Product

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

GSP: Generalized System of Preferences

GATT: Generalized Agreement on Tariffs and Taxes

MFA: Multi Fiber Arrangement

EPB: Export Promotion Bureau

FY: Financial/Fiscal Year

PTI: Private Textile Industry

VAT : Value Added Tax

ETP: Effluent Treatment Plant

T/C: Tetron + Cotton

CVC: Chief Value Cotton

CNF: Clearing & Forwarding

BWTG: Better Worker in Textile Garments

EPI: Ends per Inch

PPI: Picks per Inch

ILO: International Labor Organization

IMF: International Monetary Fund

IFTU: International Federation of Trade Union

ETD: Estimated Time of Delivery/Disptach

ETA: Estimated Time of Arrival

CRD: Cargo Receive Date

COD: Cash On Delivery

CBM: Cubic Meter

C&F: Cost and Freight/Clearing and Forwarding

PI: Proforma Invoice

CI: Commercial Invoice

PL: Packing List

EPZ: Export Processing ZOne

ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning

YY: Yield Yardages

DTM: Dye to Match

EMB: Embroidery

ICC: International Chamber of Commerce

ILO: International labour Organization

IE: Industrial Engineering

IPE: Industrial Production Engineering

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

KPI: Key performance Indicator

OZ: Ounce

GSM: Gram Per Square Meter

PPM: Pre Production Meeting

PDM: Product Development Manual

QA: Quality Assurance

QC: Quality Control

QMS: Quality Management System

AQL: Acceptable Quality Level

SPI: Stitch Per Inch

SMV: Standard Minute Value

SMA: Standard Allowed Minute

SKU: Stock Keeping Unit

SOP: Standard Operating Procedure

TNA: Time and Action

CAP: Corrective Action Plan

PFD: Prepared For Dyeing

RFD:
Ready For Dyeing

RSL: Restricted Substances List

TQM: Total Quality Management

UPC: Universal Product Code

GHS: Global Harmonzied System

EPB: Export Promotion Bureau

EU: European Union

EC:
European Commission

IMF: International Monetary Fund

TU: Trade Union

FDI: Foreign Direct Investment

FOA: Free on Air

FTC: Federal Trade Commission

GMT: Garments

BTN: Button

GSS: Garment Specification Sheet

DNS: Double Needle Stitch

MP: Man Power

NPT: Non Productive Time

PO: Production Officer

PM: Production Manager

MTO: Management Trainee Officer

DGM: Deputy General Manager

AGM: Assitant General Manager

GM: General Manage

CEO:
Chief Executive Officer

CFO: Chief Financial Officer

PS:
Production Sample

OE: Open End

YD/SD: Yarn Dyed/Solid Dyed

M/C: Machine

TN: Ticket Number

OCS: Open Cost Sheet

FDS: Fabric Data Sheet

TT: Telephonic Trasfer

BOE: Bill of Exchange

DA: Designated Auditor

RPM: Rotation Per Minute

EIM: Environment Impact Measuring

BCI: Better Cotton Initiative

GOTS: Global Organic Textile Standard


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Acronyms and Abbreviations of Apparel Industry | Most Common Abbreviations of Garments (RMG)

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Abbreviations on entire apparel sector are used frequently in daily job to minimize wordings during communication. A top potential leaders must have the knowledge so that he/she can grab and reply to the opposite person in a conversation or mailing. Below are the best and most usable abbreviations that we face regularly in our daily work.



RMG: Ready Made Garments

BGMEA: Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association

BKMEA: Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association

BTMC: Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation

BTMA: Bangladesh Textile Mills Association

BGWUC: Bangladesh Garments Worker Unit Council

WTO: World Trade Organization

AQL: Acceptable Quality Level

CBL: Center Back Line

CFL: Center Front Line

FOB: Free On Board

FCA: Free Carrier

GPT: Garments Performance Test

FPT: Fabric Performance Test

FDS: Fabric Data Sheet

EPB: Exporter Promotion Bureau

C & F: Cost & Freight

CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight

CM: Cost of Making

CMT: Cost of Making with Trimming

NSA: No Seam Allowance

BOM: Bill Of Materials

BL: Bill of Loading

COO: Certificate of Origin

L/C: Letter of Credit

BB L/C: Back to Back L/C

UD: Utilization Declaration

UP: Utilization Permission

AAQC: American Association of Quality Control

LCA: Letter of Credit Authorization

PSI: Pre-Shipment Inspection

CAD: Computer Aided Design

CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing

PTS: Primary Textile Sector

GDP: Growth Domestic Product

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

GSP: Generalized System of Preferences

GATT: Generalized Agreement on Tariffs and Taxes

MFA: Multi Fiber Arrangement

EPB: Export Promotion Bureau

FY: Financial/Fiscal Year

PTI: Private Textile Industry

VAT : Value Added Tax

ETP: Effluent Treatment Plant

T/C: Tetron + Cotton

CVC: Chief Value Cotton

CNF: Clearing & Forwarding

BWTG: Better Worker in Textile Garments

EPI: Ends per Inch

PPI: Picks per Inch

ILO: International Labor Organization

IMF: International Monetary Fund

IFTU: International Federation of Trade Union

ETD: Estimated Time of Delivery/Disptach

ETA: Estimated Time of Arrival

CRD: Cargo Receive Date

COD: Cash On Delivery

CBM: Cubic Meter

C&F: Cost and Freight/Clearing and Forwarding

PI: Proforma Invoice

CI: Commercial Invoice

PL: Packing List

EPZ: Export Processing ZOne

ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning

YY: Yield Yardages

DTM: Dye to Match

EMB: Embroidery

ICC: International Chamber of Commerce

ILO: International labour Organization

IE: Industrial Engineering

IPE: Industrial Production Engineering

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

KPI: Key performance Indicator

OZ: Ounce

GSM: Gram Per Square Meter

PPM: Pre Production Meeting

PDM: Product Development Manual

QA: Quality Assurance

QC: Quality Control

QMS: Quality Management System

AQL: Acceptable Quality Level

SPI: Stitch Per Inch

SMV: Standard Minute Value

SMA: Standard Allowed Minute

SKU: Stock Keeping Unit

SOP: Standard Operating Procedure

TNA: Time and Action

CAP: Corrective Action Plan

PFD: Prepared For Dyeing

RFD:
Ready For Dyeing

RSL: Restricted Substances List

TQM: Total Quality Management

UPC: Universal Product Code

GHS: Global Harmonzied System

EPB: Export Promotion Bureau

EU: European Union

EC:
European Commission

IMF: International Monetary Fund

TU: Trade Union

FDI: Foreign Direct Investment

FOA: Free on Air

FTC: Federal Trade Commission

GMT: Garments

BTN: Button

GSS: Garment Specification Sheet

DNS: Double Needle Stitch

MP: Man Power

NPT: Non Productive Time

PO: Production Officer

PM: Production Manager

MTO: Management Trainee Officer

DGM: Deputy General Manager

AGM: Assitant General Manager

GM: General Manage

CEO:
Chief Executive Officer

CFO: Chief Financial Officer

PS:
Production Sample

OE: Open End

YD/SD: Yarn Dyed/Solid Dyed

M/C: Machine

TN: Ticket Number

OCS: Open Cost Sheet

FDS: Fabric Data Sheet

TT: Telephonic Trasfer

BOE: Bill of Exchange

DA: Designated Auditor

RPM: Rotation Per Minute

EIM: Environment Impact Measuring

BCI: Better Cotton Initiative

GOTS: Global Organic Textile Standard


You May Also Like:



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Man does not buy garments for temporary or one time used. When we use garments they become dirty and needs to washed off. All types of garment should not wash with general soap or detergent. Some garments need not wash, they are typically dry cleaned and some are washed but not apply in chlorine bleach or any other solvents. Water temperature is also another factor for garment washing because there might be some decorative elements which will be destroyed. So garments should be washed with the specific care instructions suggest by the seller normally. 

To take care of garments there are some symbols and details  which are recognized internationally and they are used in garment care labels. These symbols are usually known as garment care labeling code or symbols.

At a minimum, laundering instructions include, in order, four symbols: washing, bleaching, drying, and ironing. Dry cleaning instructions include one symbol. Additional symbols or words or both may be used to clarify the instructions. The water temperatures listed are provided as a guideline. Actual water temperatures obtained in the home depend on the washing machine settings (hot, warm, cold), regional water supply temperatures, and water heating settings.

To assist consumers in getting information about clothing care, the Federal Trade Commission in 1971 issued the Care Labeling Rule. This Rule requires manufacturers and importers to attach care instructions to garment. A revised version of this Rule became effective on January 2, 1984. The revisions to the Rule were based on information gathered by the Commission through public hearings and written comments. Data revealed that while consumers found care labels to be useful, they also believed labels were often incomplete, inaccurate, and inconsistent.

The revised version of the Rule makes no major modifications. rather, the changes clarify the Rule requirements and simplify the Rule language. The Commission anticipates that these changes will make it easier for industry to comply with the Rule. In turn, consumers will benefit from clearer and more complete care instructions.

Care labels often are a deciding factor when consumers shop for clothing. While some are looking for the convenience of dry cleaning, others prefer the economy of buying garments they can wash. Some manufacturers try to reach both markets with garments that can be cleaned by either method. The Rule allows you to provide more than one set of care instructions, if you have a reasonable basis for each instruction.

The Federal Trade Commission has developed this business manual to assist you in understanding and complying with the Rule. If you have questions not addressed in this booklet, write to the Federal Trade Commission, Enforcement Division. Bureau of Consumer Protection, Washington, D. C. 20580.

Wash Care Symbols and Details



Bleaching Care Symbols 



Drying Care Symbols



Dry Cleaning Symbols



 Ironing Symbols

International Wash Care Instructions Used in Garment | Home Laundering and Drycleaning Symbols for Clothing

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Man does not buy garments for temporary or one time used. When we use garments they become dirty and needs to washed off. All types of garment should not wash with general soap or detergent. Some garments need not wash, they are typically dry cleaned and some are washed but not apply in chlorine bleach or any other solvents. Water temperature is also another factor for garment washing because there might be some decorative elements which will be destroyed. So garments should be washed with the specific care instructions suggest by the seller normally. 

To take care of garments there are some symbols and details  which are recognized internationally and they are used in garment care labels. These symbols are usually known as garment care labeling code or symbols.

At a minimum, laundering instructions include, in order, four symbols: washing, bleaching, drying, and ironing. Dry cleaning instructions include one symbol. Additional symbols or words or both may be used to clarify the instructions. The water temperatures listed are provided as a guideline. Actual water temperatures obtained in the home depend on the washing machine settings (hot, warm, cold), regional water supply temperatures, and water heating settings.

To assist consumers in getting information about clothing care, the Federal Trade Commission in 1971 issued the Care Labeling Rule. This Rule requires manufacturers and importers to attach care instructions to garment. A revised version of this Rule became effective on January 2, 1984. The revisions to the Rule were based on information gathered by the Commission through public hearings and written comments. Data revealed that while consumers found care labels to be useful, they also believed labels were often incomplete, inaccurate, and inconsistent.

The revised version of the Rule makes no major modifications. rather, the changes clarify the Rule requirements and simplify the Rule language. The Commission anticipates that these changes will make it easier for industry to comply with the Rule. In turn, consumers will benefit from clearer and more complete care instructions.

Care labels often are a deciding factor when consumers shop for clothing. While some are looking for the convenience of dry cleaning, others prefer the economy of buying garments they can wash. Some manufacturers try to reach both markets with garments that can be cleaned by either method. The Rule allows you to provide more than one set of care instructions, if you have a reasonable basis for each instruction.

The Federal Trade Commission has developed this business manual to assist you in understanding and complying with the Rule. If you have questions not addressed in this booklet, write to the Federal Trade Commission, Enforcement Division. Bureau of Consumer Protection, Washington, D. C. 20580.

Wash Care Symbols and Details



Bleaching Care Symbols 



Drying Care Symbols



Dry Cleaning Symbols



 Ironing Symbols

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Fabric of any garment contains most values for their prices and consumption. To make a garment fabric cost is almost 50% other than all cost. For any given FOB price the price of the fabric contain significant role. Wastage of fabric is affected the garments cost other than all costs, so consumption of fabric should be more or less similar to the actual requirement of fabric to make any garment. Simply consumption shows how many fabric is required to make garment. To get more accuracy of any consumption merchandisers should follow the actual marker considering all the sizes that we can get from CAD. Sometimes we need consumption to give quick costing of any style to the respective buyers. Due to this reason we need just a concept that how many fabric we might be required for the garment. If you have to do this then you can follow the below rules it will help you. Knit Fabric Consumption for making T-Shirt or Trouser we have already discussed and now only the woven part.
 

Consumption Formula for Woven Shirt:




 Some Measurements of any shirt-

Collar- 16"
Chest - 48"
CBL -  31"
HPS - 32.5"
Across Back - 21"
SL - 35"
Arm Hole - 21"
Yoke Height - 5"
Cuff - 9"

Cut able Fabric Width - 44"

Fabric Required for Body Portion-

Length = 32.5" + 5"(yoke) + 3.5" (Al) = 41"
Width = 48"+ 5" (Al) = 53"

= (Length x Width x 12)/(Fabric Width x Unit)
= (42" x 53" x 12) / (44" x 36")
=17.25 yards/dz

Fabric Required for Sleeve Portion-

Length = 24" + 3"(Al) = 27" (Sleeve length will be deduct from from half across back length because here sleeve length have been given from HPS)
Width = 21"+ 1" (Al) = 22"

= (Length x Width x 12)/(Fabric Width x Unit)
= (27" x 22" x 12 x 2 ) / (44" x 36")
=9.42 yards/dz

Total Fabric Requirement =   (17.25 + 9.42) yards/dz = 26.75 yards/dz
If fabric wastage percent is 5%

The total fabric requirement = 26.75 + 1.3 = 28.05 yards/dz

Consumption Formula for Woven Pant:

 
 
Some Measurement

Waist - 35"
Outseam - 42"
Inseam - 3o"
Thigh - 26"
Hip - 44"
Bottom Opening - 18"


Fabric cut able width - 56"

Length = 42" + 2"(Waist Band Height) + 3"(Al) = 45"
(I have considered out seam for length but you can consider inseam along with backrise length and waistband length for total length)

Width = 26"+ 3" (Al) = 29" (In case of 1/2 thigh circular the formula will be multiplied by 4)

Fabric required for making one dz pant

= (Length x Width x 12)/(Fabric Width x Unit)
 = (45" x 29" x 12) / (56" x 36")
=15.88 yards/dz
= consider as 16 yards/dz
Considering 5% wastage
= 16+0.8 yards/dz
=16.8 yards/dz


Dear readers,
If you have any query please send a mail i will really happy if i can solve your problem as well.

Fabric Consumption Formula for Woven Garments | Woven Shirt and Pant Consumption Calculation

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Fabric of any garment contains most values for their prices and consumption. To make a garment fabric cost is almost 50% other than all cost. For any given FOB price the price of the fabric contain significant role. Wastage of fabric is affected the garments cost other than all costs, so consumption of fabric should be more or less similar to the actual requirement of fabric to make any garment. Simply consumption shows how many fabric is required to make garment. To get more accuracy of any consumption merchandisers should follow the actual marker considering all the sizes that we can get from CAD. Sometimes we need consumption to give quick costing of any style to the respective buyers. Due to this reason we need just a concept that how many fabric we might be required for the garment. If you have to do this then you can follow the below rules it will help you. Knit Fabric Consumption for making T-Shirt or Trouser we have already discussed and now only the woven part.
 

Consumption Formula for Woven Shirt:




 Some Measurements of any shirt-

Collar- 16"
Chest - 48"
CBL -  31"
HPS - 32.5"
Across Back - 21"
SL - 35"
Arm Hole - 21"
Yoke Height - 5"
Cuff - 9"

Cut able Fabric Width - 44"

Fabric Required for Body Portion-

Length = 32.5" + 5"(yoke) + 3.5" (Al) = 41"
Width = 48"+ 5" (Al) = 53"

= (Length x Width x 12)/(Fabric Width x Unit)
= (42" x 53" x 12) / (44" x 36")
=17.25 yards/dz

Fabric Required for Sleeve Portion-

Length = 24" + 3"(Al) = 27" (Sleeve length will be deduct from from half across back length because here sleeve length have been given from HPS)
Width = 21"+ 1" (Al) = 22"

= (Length x Width x 12)/(Fabric Width x Unit)
= (27" x 22" x 12 x 2 ) / (44" x 36")
=9.42 yards/dz

Total Fabric Requirement =   (17.25 + 9.42) yards/dz = 26.75 yards/dz
If fabric wastage percent is 5%

The total fabric requirement = 26.75 + 1.3 = 28.05 yards/dz

Consumption Formula for Woven Pant:

 
 
Some Measurement

Waist - 35"
Outseam - 42"
Inseam - 3o"
Thigh - 26"
Hip - 44"
Bottom Opening - 18"


Fabric cut able width - 56"

Length = 42" + 2"(Waist Band Height) + 3"(Al) = 45"
(I have considered out seam for length but you can consider inseam along with backrise length and waistband length for total length)

Width = 26"+ 3" (Al) = 29" (In case of 1/2 thigh circular the formula will be multiplied by 4)

Fabric required for making one dz pant

= (Length x Width x 12)/(Fabric Width x Unit)
 = (45" x 29" x 12) / (56" x 36")
=15.88 yards/dz
= consider as 16 yards/dz
Considering 5% wastage
= 16+0.8 yards/dz
=16.8 yards/dz


Dear readers,
If you have any query please send a mail i will really happy if i can solve your problem as well.
Advertisements

Sample is very important for garments industry either to buyer or to vendors/factory. Sampling is a very common step must be conducted by each factory through the instruction of buyer, it is done  from development stage to go through bulk production. Sample type and significant characteristics of different samples depend on buyer. I am sharing most of the samples what I have known.



Textile Aid Always Ready to Serve You the Best


Proto Sample: This type of sample is made at the development stage when just pattern has been developed on the basis of tech pach or PDM. Buyers sometimes want this type of sample before development sample where measurement of all points would be in tolerance. If you consider it for denim there wash will not be affected significantly.

Development Sample: Buyers first time give tech pach or PDM to vendors just for making pattern and samples as per sketch. Sometimes it is called LA sample. Buyers just need to review the style or the design to make changes in this sample where fabric will actual but other trims may not be actual.

Fit Sample: All most every buyer want this sample where measurement is the key feature which will be in tolerance according to the measurement sheet given by buyer just attached with tech pach. In some cases fit sample require 100% measurement along with perfect wash in case of denim. Sometimes this type of samples are called as photo sample.

Wash Sample: Wash samples are very important for denim garments. Buyers send wash target to follow in washing and submit accurately as much as possible. Some times wash samples are to be taken as PP(Pre-Production) sample but there every trims would be actual. Measurement is not so important for wash samples.

Size Set Sample: After approval of fit sample, size set sample is required by buyer. Indeed, this type of sample requires when any significant correction is necessary on fit sample. Before bulk production this is used as final for measurement and styling issue. Some buyers might suggest for other two types of sample after size set, they are Reference sample & Sealer sample(For Bulk Production).

GPT/Lab Test Sample: Garments Performance/Package Test(GPT) or lab test sample is very important for each buyer as well as vendors. Third party testing company tests this sample and give a test report where product harmful chemical, safety issue and compliance issue is maintained. To know more about test sample you can go to GPT, FPT, GCR sample of Apparel.

Pre-Production (PP) Sample: PP is the final most important and mandatory sample in case of all styles. All kinds of buyer follow this sample for bulk production. Before PP, all the samples mentioned above this post would be passed by the review of buyer. If any comment receive from buyer to the above samples you should be aware to rectify it in PP by following the comments. PP sample is basically used for all kinds of actual trims approval, wash or dye approval, styling or aesthetic look final approval. If buyer approves it without any comment, you will not have any problem to go through bulk production.

Shade Band Sample: Shade band is very important to go through bulk. In case of denim, it bears highly importance in washing where main bulk will go through following shade band sample. After approval of wash sample and PP, factory submit shade band in between these two types of sample. Fabric comes from supplier with different shades where shade band will help the factory to submit shade band based on shade of bulk fabric. Normally 5-7 shades categorized by available shade of fabric wash, then submit to buyer for approval.

AD sample/Salesman Sample: AD or advertisement sample and salesman sample are same, required for definite showrooms of buyers. Before bulk production ad sample is asked by buyer for a campaign to their store as well as showrooms to give up an update to customers what they are launching in the next season. Buyers may be asked for different sizes and colors for this sample. During bulk factory may send it to buyer's specific destination as well.

TOP sample: Top of Production is the another important sample received by buyer from bulk of any style. Buyer's QA will choose this type of sample randomly from bulk production and send them to buyer for reviewing and aware of the bulk production. Normally, before TOP sample approval comments, vendor could not ship the goods. It might be called shipment sample as well.


Besides these samples, there are too many samples are made based on requirement of buyers and styles. Some other samples are sealer sample, pull out sample, formaldehyde test sample, gold/yellow tag sample, counter sample etc.

Mock Up: Buyers frequently ask for mock up sample. Mock up is the piece of sample where a definite part of any full garment used for thread approval or wash approval or embroidery approval. To reduce time and cost sometimes buyers work on this.

Samples of Garments | Sampling Types & Procedures Before Bulk Production

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Sample is very important for garments industry either to buyer or to vendors/factory. Sampling is a very common step must be conducted by each factory through the instruction of buyer, it is done  from development stage to go through bulk production. Sample type and significant characteristics of different samples depend on buyer. I am sharing most of the samples what I have known.



Textile Aid Always Ready to Serve You the Best


Proto Sample: This type of sample is made at the development stage when just pattern has been developed on the basis of tech pach or PDM. Buyers sometimes want this type of sample before development sample where measurement of all points would be in tolerance. If you consider it for denim there wash will not be affected significantly.

Development Sample: Buyers first time give tech pach or PDM to vendors just for making pattern and samples as per sketch. Sometimes it is called LA sample. Buyers just need to review the style or the design to make changes in this sample where fabric will actual but other trims may not be actual.

Fit Sample: All most every buyer want this sample where measurement is the key feature which will be in tolerance according to the measurement sheet given by buyer just attached with tech pach. In some cases fit sample require 100% measurement along with perfect wash in case of denim. Sometimes this type of samples are called as photo sample.

Wash Sample: Wash samples are very important for denim garments. Buyers send wash target to follow in washing and submit accurately as much as possible. Some times wash samples are to be taken as PP(Pre-Production) sample but there every trims would be actual. Measurement is not so important for wash samples.

Size Set Sample: After approval of fit sample, size set sample is required by buyer. Indeed, this type of sample requires when any significant correction is necessary on fit sample. Before bulk production this is used as final for measurement and styling issue. Some buyers might suggest for other two types of sample after size set, they are Reference sample & Sealer sample(For Bulk Production).

GPT/Lab Test Sample: Garments Performance/Package Test(GPT) or lab test sample is very important for each buyer as well as vendors. Third party testing company tests this sample and give a test report where product harmful chemical, safety issue and compliance issue is maintained. To know more about test sample you can go to GPT, FPT, GCR sample of Apparel.

Pre-Production (PP) Sample: PP is the final most important and mandatory sample in case of all styles. All kinds of buyer follow this sample for bulk production. Before PP, all the samples mentioned above this post would be passed by the review of buyer. If any comment receive from buyer to the above samples you should be aware to rectify it in PP by following the comments. PP sample is basically used for all kinds of actual trims approval, wash or dye approval, styling or aesthetic look final approval. If buyer approves it without any comment, you will not have any problem to go through bulk production.

Shade Band Sample: Shade band is very important to go through bulk. In case of denim, it bears highly importance in washing where main bulk will go through following shade band sample. After approval of wash sample and PP, factory submit shade band in between these two types of sample. Fabric comes from supplier with different shades where shade band will help the factory to submit shade band based on shade of bulk fabric. Normally 5-7 shades categorized by available shade of fabric wash, then submit to buyer for approval.

AD sample/Salesman Sample: AD or advertisement sample and salesman sample are same, required for definite showrooms of buyers. Before bulk production ad sample is asked by buyer for a campaign to their store as well as showrooms to give up an update to customers what they are launching in the next season. Buyers may be asked for different sizes and colors for this sample. During bulk factory may send it to buyer's specific destination as well.

TOP sample: Top of Production is the another important sample received by buyer from bulk of any style. Buyer's QA will choose this type of sample randomly from bulk production and send them to buyer for reviewing and aware of the bulk production. Normally, before TOP sample approval comments, vendor could not ship the goods. It might be called shipment sample as well.


Besides these samples, there are too many samples are made based on requirement of buyers and styles. Some other samples are sealer sample, pull out sample, formaldehyde test sample, gold/yellow tag sample, counter sample etc.

Mock Up: Buyers frequently ask for mock up sample. Mock up is the piece of sample where a definite part of any full garment used for thread approval or wash approval or embroidery approval. To reduce time and cost sometimes buyers work on this.
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Zipper is one of the main trims or trimmings for making garment. Zipper is used to garment for functional purpose as well as decorative purpose. Zipper is normally used to making pants and jackets. Denim garments frequently use zipper as it is bottom garment eventually some top garments to decorate it. For knit garments it is used for jacket making, some pull over, over coat as well as trousers sometimes.

Different types of zippers are available in world trade but they are mainly classified into three prime category. They are - 
  • Metal Zipper
  • Coil Zipper
  • Vislon Zipper
These three types of zippers are available in different colors, different types of tape and different types of finishing.

 Standard Plastic Molded Vislon Zipper


  Multi Color Vislon Zipper


 Invisible Coil Zipper



 Standard Coil Zipper

Invisible Two tone Zipper


 Metal Zipper with Bottom Stopper

 Cotton Tape Metal Zipper


Elastic Tape Metal Zipper


Fancy Vislon Zipper


Aluminum Teeth Metal Zipper


Antique Gold Teeth Metal Zipper 


Antique Silver Teeth Metal Zipper 


Black Oxide Teeth Metal Zipper


Gold Finish Teeth Metal Zipper


Neon Color Tape Vislon Zipper

Types of Zipper | Metal, Coil & Vislon Zipper - Garments Manufacturing

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Zipper is one of the main trims or trimmings for making garment. Zipper is used to garment for functional purpose as well as decorative purpose. Zipper is normally used to making pants and jackets. Denim garments frequently use zipper as it is bottom garment eventually some top garments to decorate it. For knit garments it is used for jacket making, some pull over, over coat as well as trousers sometimes.

Different types of zippers are available in world trade but they are mainly classified into three prime category. They are - 
  • Metal Zipper
  • Coil Zipper
  • Vislon Zipper
These three types of zippers are available in different colors, different types of tape and different types of finishing.

 Standard Plastic Molded Vislon Zipper


  Multi Color Vislon Zipper


 Invisible Coil Zipper



 Standard Coil Zipper

Invisible Two tone Zipper


 Metal Zipper with Bottom Stopper

 Cotton Tape Metal Zipper


Elastic Tape Metal Zipper


Fancy Vislon Zipper


Aluminum Teeth Metal Zipper


Antique Gold Teeth Metal Zipper 


Antique Silver Teeth Metal Zipper 


Black Oxide Teeth Metal Zipper


Gold Finish Teeth Metal Zipper


Neon Color Tape Vislon Zipper
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Sometimes we confuse with lining and interlining in case of garments manufacturing. For making garments we frequently use these two materials to different types of cloths. At first we should clear, 
what is lining or interlining?

Lining: Piece of fabric which is used as the subsidiary fabric under main fabrication or shell fabric to make the garment useful for cold countries or as warm cloth. Usually knit fabric, Sherpa or Fleece fabric is used as lining. Lining is generally used to trouser, jacket, over coat, coat or any warm cloth at the main body, collar portion or at sleeve of a garment. Don’t confuse lining with padding which is another piece of material used as middle part of jacket as well as coat. Single jersey knit fabrics is used with denim fabric as lining where rib fabrics are frequently used at waist band or cuff at bottom of any trouser.





Interlining: It is one kind of trims that is used in between two layers of fabric in garments to reinforce and support as well as through controlling areas of garments and retain the actual shape of garments. This material attaches to garments through either sewing or heating arrangement. Two types of interlining are used in garments making and they are Fusible Interlining and Sewn or non fusible interlining. Fusible interlining is very popular due to many reasons where resin coating interlining is common and required temperature for fusible interlining is 160-170 degree centigrade. Iron machine you can use to attach the interlining with fabric but for bulk production you have to take help of fusing machine.

We can see from above two discussions that lining may be any kind of fabric attaching with main body fabric as extra whereas interlining is very fine piece of material used between two layers of fabric to reinforce and keep original shape of garments. Therefore, we are very clear that lining and interlining is totally two different material and their function as well as using areas are also different.

What is the difference between lining and interlining - Garments Manufacturing

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Sometimes we confuse with lining and interlining in case of garments manufacturing. For making garments we frequently use these two materials to different types of cloths. At first we should clear, 
what is lining or interlining?

Lining: Piece of fabric which is used as the subsidiary fabric under main fabrication or shell fabric to make the garment useful for cold countries or as warm cloth. Usually knit fabric, Sherpa or Fleece fabric is used as lining. Lining is generally used to trouser, jacket, over coat, coat or any warm cloth at the main body, collar portion or at sleeve of a garment. Don’t confuse lining with padding which is another piece of material used as middle part of jacket as well as coat. Single jersey knit fabrics is used with denim fabric as lining where rib fabrics are frequently used at waist band or cuff at bottom of any trouser.





Interlining: It is one kind of trims that is used in between two layers of fabric in garments to reinforce and support as well as through controlling areas of garments and retain the actual shape of garments. This material attaches to garments through either sewing or heating arrangement. Two types of interlining are used in garments making and they are Fusible Interlining and Sewn or non fusible interlining. Fusible interlining is very popular due to many reasons where resin coating interlining is common and required temperature for fusible interlining is 160-170 degree centigrade. Iron machine you can use to attach the interlining with fabric but for bulk production you have to take help of fusing machine.

We can see from above two discussions that lining may be any kind of fabric attaching with main body fabric as extra whereas interlining is very fine piece of material used between two layers of fabric to reinforce and keep original shape of garments. Therefore, we are very clear that lining and interlining is totally two different material and their function as well as using areas are also different.
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Knit fabrics are usually measured in kilogram whereas it is related to GSM as well. Knit fashion is now popular in the world market. Knit merchandising is not so easy thing whatever consumption is one of the key factor for knit merchandising. T-shirts, pull over, polo-shirt (long sleeve or short sleeve) are treated as knit top garments as well as trouser and pant are treated as knit bottom garments.


Consumption formula for any TOP knit Garments


 

(Measurement in CM)

(B.L + S.L. + Allowance) X 1/2 Chest X 2 X GSM X 12 ÷ (10000 X 1000) kg/dz   

Here, 
B.L - Body Length
S.L - Sleeve Length
Allowance - Allowance would have considered for both B.L and S.L
GSM - Gram Per Square Meter
10000 means cm is converted into meter
1000  means gram is converted into kg

(Measurement in INCH)

(B.L + S.L. + Allowance) X 1/2 Chest X 2 X GSM X 12 ÷ (1550X 1000) kg/dz   

Here
B.L - Body Length
S.L - Sleeve Length
Allowance - Allowance would have considered for both B.L and S.L
1550 means inch is converted into meter (1 inch = 39.37" where inch square will be 39.37"X39.37")
1000  means gram is converted into kg


Consumption Formula for any Bottom Knit Garments



(Measurement in CM)

(Inseam + B.R + W.B + Allowances) X (1/2 Thai Circular + Allowances) X 4 X GSM X 12 ÷ (10000X 1000) kg/dz

Here, 
B.R - Back Rise
W.B -Waist Band
Allowance - Allowance would have considered for Inseam, B.R & W.B
GSM - Gram Per Square Meter
10000 means cm is converted into meter
1000  means gram is converted into kg

(Measurement in CM)

(Inseam + B.R + W.B + Allowances) X (1/2 Thai Circular + Allowances) X 4 X GSM X 12 ÷ (1550X 1000) kg/dz

Here, 
B.R - Back Rise
W.B -Waist Band
Allowance - Allowance would have considered for Inseam, B.R & W.B
GSM - Gram Per Square Meter
1550 means inch is converted into meter (1 inch = 39.37" where inch square will be 39.37"X39.37")
1000  means gram is converted into kg

Normally 
American Buyers Follow Measurement in Inch
European Buyers Follow Measurement in CM

I think you will enable to perform any knit garments consumption through the above formulas. If anybody requires example of relevant field please contact with me.

Knit Garments Consumption Formula | Knit Top and Bottom Consumption

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Knit fabrics are usually measured in kilogram whereas it is related to GSM as well. Knit fashion is now popular in the world market. Knit merchandising is not so easy thing whatever consumption is one of the key factor for knit merchandising. T-shirts, pull over, polo-shirt (long sleeve or short sleeve) are treated as knit top garments as well as trouser and pant are treated as knit bottom garments.


Consumption formula for any TOP knit Garments


 

(Measurement in CM)

(B.L + S.L. + Allowance) X 1/2 Chest X 2 X GSM X 12 ÷ (10000 X 1000) kg/dz   

Here, 
B.L - Body Length
S.L - Sleeve Length
Allowance - Allowance would have considered for both B.L and S.L
GSM - Gram Per Square Meter
10000 means cm is converted into meter
1000  means gram is converted into kg

(Measurement in INCH)

(B.L + S.L. + Allowance) X 1/2 Chest X 2 X GSM X 12 ÷ (1550X 1000) kg/dz   

Here
B.L - Body Length
S.L - Sleeve Length
Allowance - Allowance would have considered for both B.L and S.L
1550 means inch is converted into meter (1 inch = 39.37" where inch square will be 39.37"X39.37")
1000  means gram is converted into kg


Consumption Formula for any Bottom Knit Garments



(Measurement in CM)

(Inseam + B.R + W.B + Allowances) X (1/2 Thai Circular + Allowances) X 4 X GSM X 12 ÷ (10000X 1000) kg/dz

Here, 
B.R - Back Rise
W.B -Waist Band
Allowance - Allowance would have considered for Inseam, B.R & W.B
GSM - Gram Per Square Meter
10000 means cm is converted into meter
1000  means gram is converted into kg

(Measurement in CM)

(Inseam + B.R + W.B + Allowances) X (1/2 Thai Circular + Allowances) X 4 X GSM X 12 ÷ (1550X 1000) kg/dz

Here, 
B.R - Back Rise
W.B -Waist Band
Allowance - Allowance would have considered for Inseam, B.R & W.B
GSM - Gram Per Square Meter
1550 means inch is converted into meter (1 inch = 39.37" where inch square will be 39.37"X39.37")
1000  means gram is converted into kg

Normally 
American Buyers Follow Measurement in Inch
European Buyers Follow Measurement in CM

I think you will enable to perform any knit garments consumption through the above formulas. If anybody requires example of relevant field please contact with me.
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Yarn counting or numbering system is the universal numerical expression for measuring yarn and thread coarseness or fineness. We can use count for both thread and yarn. Thread and yarn is not similar to use. They are also different in construction. Normally yarns are used to weaving and may be plied or single whereas thread is frequently used for sewing purposes and always contain two or more plies. When we use thread for garments sewing we frequently see that thread suppliers mention thread ticket number as well as count. Since thread is made always by two or more plies of yarn therefore counting system of thread is not similar like normal yarn count.



Thread Numbering or Counting:
When we will use counting system of thread like as 27 tex, 40 tex, 60 tex, 80 tex (Tex), it is simply followed the tex numbering system.

For direct system of thread numbering Tex is very popular. Tex is defined as weight of 1000 meters thread in grams.
For example, Tex 60 – a length of 1000 meters of thread will gives 60 grams of weight.

When we use 20/2, 20/3, 20/4 or 40/2 (English Count) then we can find out the resultant count by calculating the resultant count.

When more than one ply of yarn is twisted into a thread, finding the resultant size of the thread by considering all the plies becomes necessary.

For Indirect Counting System or Fixed Weight System: Resultant size = Individual yarn count / Number of plies

For Direct Counting System  In fixed length systems: Resultant size = Individual yarn count x Number of plies
In case of sewing necessary if you need thread of any count then a  particular resultant size can be made with any number of plies.

Ticket Numbering
Suppliers may ask you about the ticket number you want to purchase then you have to provide the ticket numbers of desired thread.Ticket numbering is a commercial numbering system. Ticket numbers are merely the manufacturer’s reference numbers for the size of a given thread.
The Metric Count, Cotton Count and Denier Systems use ticket numbering system to give an easy approximation of the specific size of the finished thread.

Depends on the nature of fiber as well as thread making process, ticket numbers will vary as it is not the same as in another.  For example, Ticket 75 Cotton is not the same as Ticket 75 mono-filament thread.

For Tex Ticket Numbering:
To convert any Tex Number to a Ticket Number value: divide 1,000 by the Tex number and multiply by 3.  [ Tkt. = (1000/Tex No.) X 3 ]



For Metric Ticket Numbering:


They can simply denote:
Higher the ticket number, finer the thread.
Lower the ticket number, coarser the thread.

What is Thread Ticket Number | Garments Sewing Thread Numbering Systems

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Yarn counting or numbering system is the universal numerical expression for measuring yarn and thread coarseness or fineness. We can use count for both thread and yarn. Thread and yarn is not similar to use. They are also different in construction. Normally yarns are used to weaving and may be plied or single whereas thread is frequently used for sewing purposes and always contain two or more plies. When we use thread for garments sewing we frequently see that thread suppliers mention thread ticket number as well as count. Since thread is made always by two or more plies of yarn therefore counting system of thread is not similar like normal yarn count.



Thread Numbering or Counting:
When we will use counting system of thread like as 27 tex, 40 tex, 60 tex, 80 tex (Tex), it is simply followed the tex numbering system.

For direct system of thread numbering Tex is very popular. Tex is defined as weight of 1000 meters thread in grams.
For example, Tex 60 – a length of 1000 meters of thread will gives 60 grams of weight.

When we use 20/2, 20/3, 20/4 or 40/2 (English Count) then we can find out the resultant count by calculating the resultant count.

When more than one ply of yarn is twisted into a thread, finding the resultant size of the thread by considering all the plies becomes necessary.

For Indirect Counting System or Fixed Weight System: Resultant size = Individual yarn count / Number of plies

For Direct Counting System  In fixed length systems: Resultant size = Individual yarn count x Number of plies
In case of sewing necessary if you need thread of any count then a  particular resultant size can be made with any number of plies.

Ticket Numbering
Suppliers may ask you about the ticket number you want to purchase then you have to provide the ticket numbers of desired thread.Ticket numbering is a commercial numbering system. Ticket numbers are merely the manufacturer’s reference numbers for the size of a given thread.
The Metric Count, Cotton Count and Denier Systems use ticket numbering system to give an easy approximation of the specific size of the finished thread.

Depends on the nature of fiber as well as thread making process, ticket numbers will vary as it is not the same as in another.  For example, Ticket 75 Cotton is not the same as Ticket 75 mono-filament thread.

For Tex Ticket Numbering:
To convert any Tex Number to a Ticket Number value: divide 1,000 by the Tex number and multiply by 3.  [ Tkt. = (1000/Tex No.) X 3 ]



For Metric Ticket Numbering:


They can simply denote:
Higher the ticket number, finer the thread.
Lower the ticket number, coarser the thread.
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Lining: Lining is a fabric other than shell fabric generally used in jacket, coat, overcoat or trouser. For making warm cloth lining is used under main fabric in a garment. Usually knitted fabrics are used as lining to make Jeans, polyester blended linings are used to coat or overcoat. Single jersey, Double jersey, Fleece or Sherpa is used as lining which are attached with shell fabric through stitching.










Padding: Padding is another kind of fabric used in middle part of jacket, overcoat  as well as coat. Polyester made padding is of low ounce generally used between shell fabric and lining part of these garments.












Shell Fabric: The fabric which is used as main fabrication in lining or padding containing cloth are known as shell fabric. Denim fabrics are frequently used as shell fabric in case of denim jacket or jeans trousers. For overcoat and coat, the blended high quality fabrics comparatively costly than other fabric like as lining or padding are used as shell fabric.










Sherpa: Sherpa material is a kind of fabric made of 70% acrylic and 30% polyester. Sherpa lining is a nubby, soft pile material and provides a lot of warmth. The jackets made with Sherpa have Sherpa insulation in the body covered with nylon quilt lining in the sleeves.

What is Lining, Padding, Sherpa and Shell Fabric?

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Lining: Lining is a fabric other than shell fabric generally used in jacket, coat, overcoat or trouser. For making warm cloth lining is used under main fabric in a garment. Usually knitted fabrics are used as lining to make Jeans, polyester blended linings are used to coat or overcoat. Single jersey, Double jersey, Fleece or Sherpa is used as lining which are attached with shell fabric through stitching.










Padding: Padding is another kind of fabric used in middle part of jacket, overcoat  as well as coat. Polyester made padding is of low ounce generally used between shell fabric and lining part of these garments.












Shell Fabric: The fabric which is used as main fabrication in lining or padding containing cloth are known as shell fabric. Denim fabrics are frequently used as shell fabric in case of denim jacket or jeans trousers. For overcoat and coat, the blended high quality fabrics comparatively costly than other fabric like as lining or padding are used as shell fabric.










Sherpa: Sherpa material is a kind of fabric made of 70% acrylic and 30% polyester. Sherpa lining is a nubby, soft pile material and provides a lot of warmth. The jackets made with Sherpa have Sherpa insulation in the body covered with nylon quilt lining in the sleeves.
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In a word TEXTILE means cloth or to weave. If you think it as a broad sense you would find that it is the combination six differential parts where one is related to another. Garment / cloth is the final product of textile, where each and every step has to be followed some successive processes. From fiber to cloth the whole process is basically run through four main steps as spinning, weaving or knitting, dyeing or printing and garments making. Now I have shared the below process flowcharts for any textile students or readers as to know about the significant and consecutive process of textile.

PROCESS FLOWCHART OF TEXTILE AT A GLANCE


TEXTILE FIBERS    -------     YARN MANUFACTURING     -------      YARN

         YARN    -------     FABRIC MANUFACTURING    -------    GREY FABRICS

GREY FABRICS     -------      WET PROCESSING    -------     FINISHED FABRICS

FINISHED FABRICS   --------    GARMENTS MANUFACTURING    --------    GARMENTS


FLOW CHART OF SPINNING

  BLOW-ROOM

CARDING

DRAWING

LAP FORMING

COMBING

DRAWING

ROVING

RING SPINNING



FLOW CHART OF WEAVING

YARN FROM SPINNING

DOUBLING AND TWISTING

WINDING

CREELING

WARPING

SIZING
DRAWING-IN AND DENTING

LOOMING

LTYING-IN

WEAVING

 

FLOW CHART OF KNITTING

YARN IN CONE FORM

CREELING

FEEDING THE YARN IN THE FEEDER

KNITTING

WITHDRAWING THE ROLLED FABRIC

INSPECTION
NUMBERING

DISPATCHING

FLOW CHART OF DYEING (WOVEN FABRIC)

GREY FABRIC INSPECTION

STITCHING

CROPPING

BRUSHING

SINGEING

DESIZING

SCOURING

BLEACHING

SOURING

WASHING

DRYING

MERCERIZING

DYEING

AFTERTREATMENT

FINISHING

INSPECTION

PACKING

BALING

 

FLOW CHART OF DYEING (KNIT DYEING)

GREY FABRIC INSPECTION

BATCHING

STITCHING

LOAD ON MACHINE

SCOURING

BLEACHING

ENZYME TREATMENT

LEVELING

ELECTROLITING

DYEING

AFTERTREATMENT

FINISHING

INSPECTION

PACKING

BALING

FLOW CHART OF PRINTING

GREY FABRIC INSPECTION

STITCHING

CROPPING

BRUSHING

SINGEING

DESIZING

SCOURING

BLEACHING

SOURING

WASHING

DRYING

MERCERIZING

PRINTING 

AFTERTREATMENT

FINISHING

INSPECTION

PACKING

BALING


FLOW CHART OF GARMENT MANUFACTURING

TECH PACK/ SKETCH

BLOCK PATTERN FROM BUYER

PATTERN MAKING

SAMPLE MAKING

GARMENTS PATTERN

GRADING

MARKER MAKING

SPREADING

CUTTING

SORTING & BUNDLING
EMBROIDERY/PRINTING

STITCHING

INSPECTION
WASHING
FINISHING

IRONING

FINAL INSPECTION
FOLDING

PACKING

DISPATCH


Process Flowchart of Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing, Printing and Garments Making

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In a word TEXTILE means cloth or to weave. If you think it as a broad sense you would find that it is the combination six differential parts where one is related to another. Garment / cloth is the final product of textile, where each and every step has to be followed some successive processes. From fiber to cloth the whole process is basically run through four main steps as spinning, weaving or knitting, dyeing or printing and garments making. Now I have shared the below process flowcharts for any textile students or readers as to know about the significant and consecutive process of textile.

PROCESS FLOWCHART OF TEXTILE AT A GLANCE


TEXTILE FIBERS    -------     YARN MANUFACTURING     -------      YARN

         YARN    -------     FABRIC MANUFACTURING    -------    GREY FABRICS

GREY FABRICS     -------      WET PROCESSING    -------     FINISHED FABRICS

FINISHED FABRICS   --------    GARMENTS MANUFACTURING    --------    GARMENTS


FLOW CHART OF SPINNING

  BLOW-ROOM

CARDING

DRAWING

LAP FORMING

COMBING

DRAWING

ROVING

RING SPINNING



FLOW CHART OF WEAVING

YARN FROM SPINNING

DOUBLING AND TWISTING

WINDING

CREELING

WARPING

SIZING
DRAWING-IN AND DENTING

LOOMING

LTYING-IN

WEAVING

 

FLOW CHART OF KNITTING

YARN IN CONE FORM

CREELING

FEEDING THE YARN IN THE FEEDER

KNITTING

WITHDRAWING THE ROLLED FABRIC

INSPECTION
NUMBERING

DISPATCHING

FLOW CHART OF DYEING (WOVEN FABRIC)

GREY FABRIC INSPECTION

STITCHING

CROPPING

BRUSHING

SINGEING

DESIZING

SCOURING

BLEACHING

SOURING

WASHING

DRYING

MERCERIZING

DYEING

AFTERTREATMENT

FINISHING

INSPECTION

PACKING

BALING

 

FLOW CHART OF DYEING (KNIT DYEING)

GREY FABRIC INSPECTION

BATCHING

STITCHING

LOAD ON MACHINE

SCOURING

BLEACHING

ENZYME TREATMENT

LEVELING

ELECTROLITING

DYEING

AFTERTREATMENT

FINISHING

INSPECTION

PACKING

BALING

FLOW CHART OF PRINTING

GREY FABRIC INSPECTION

STITCHING

CROPPING

BRUSHING

SINGEING

DESIZING

SCOURING

BLEACHING

SOURING

WASHING

DRYING

MERCERIZING

PRINTING 

AFTERTREATMENT

FINISHING

INSPECTION

PACKING

BALING


FLOW CHART OF GARMENT MANUFACTURING

TECH PACK/ SKETCH

BLOCK PATTERN FROM BUYER

PATTERN MAKING

SAMPLE MAKING

GARMENTS PATTERN

GRADING

MARKER MAKING

SPREADING

CUTTING

SORTING & BUNDLING
EMBROIDERY/PRINTING

STITCHING

INSPECTION
WASHING
FINISHING

IRONING

FINAL INSPECTION
FOLDING

PACKING

DISPATCH


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