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Showing posts with label Fabric. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Fabric. Show all posts
 Technical Textiles: Textile materials & products manufactured primarily for their technical & performance properties rather than their esthetic or decorative characteristics.

A technical textile is a textile product manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion. Now a days, it is a large and growing sector and supports a vast array of other industries.


According textile terms & definition- Industrial textiles is now more often viewed as a subgroup of wider category of technical textiles, referring specially to those textile products-

   -used in the course of manufacturing operations (e.g. filters, machine clothing, conveyor belts, abrasive substrates)
   -incorporated into other industrial products (e.g. electrical component & cable, flexible seals & acoustic & thermal insulation)

Technical textiles include textiles for automotive applications, medical textile (e.g. implants), geo textiles (e.g. reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), industrial textile and protective clothing.

Best alternative name of technical textile-
  • Industrial textile
  • Performance textile
  • Functional textile
  • Engineering textile
  • Hi-Tech textile

Product Group of Technical Textile:

Coated Textiles: Laminated textiles, tent/canvas materials, packaging, materials, sacking, tarpaulin fabric, covering & accessories, awning materials.

Composite Textiles: Reinforcement textiles, fiber reinforced composites, textile reinforced plastic & concrete components.

Bond Tech Textiles: Finishing technologies, including sealing, bonding and coating.


Application Area of Technical Textile:

Summery of technical textile applications:
  • agrotech: agriculture, aquaculture, horticulture and forestry
  • buildtech: building and construction
  • clothtech: technical components of footwear and clothing
  • geotech: geotextiles and civil engineering
  • hometech: technical components of furniture, household textiles and
    floorcoverings
  • indutech: filtration, conveying, cleaning and other industrial uses
  • medtech: hygiene and medical
  • mobiltech: automobiles, shipping, railways and aerospace
  • oekotech: environmental protection
  • packtech: packaging
  • protech: personal and property protection
  • sporttech: sport and leisure.

Transport textiles
Transport applications (cars, lorries, buses, trains, ships and aerospace) represent the largest single end-use area for technical textiles, accounting for some 20% of the total. Products range from carpeting and seating (regarded as technical rather than furnishing textiles because of the very stringent performance characteristics which they must fulfil), through tyre, belt and hose reinforcement, safety belts and air bags, to composite reinforcements for automotive bodies, civil and military aircraft bodies, wings and engine components, and many other uses. The fact that volume and value growth rates in these applications appear to be amongst the lowest of any application area needs to be interpreted with caution. The automotive industry (which accounts for a high proportion of all transport textiles) is certainly one of the most mature in market terms.

Industrial products and components
Set to rival transport textiles for first place by the year 2005 or shortly thereafterm(in volume terms, although not yet in value) is the diverse field of ‘industrial’ textiles. As now more precisely defined, this includes textiles used directly in industrial processes or incorporated into industrial products such as filters, conveyor belts and abrasive belts, as well as reinforcements for printed circuit boards, seals and gaskets, and other industrial equipment.

Growth rates are generally well above average in most areas. Because of the universal nature of many industrial requirements, some large companies have emerged with worldwide manufacturing and distribution to dominate markets for industrial textile products. They include companies such as Scapa (UK) and Albany (US), leaders in papermaking felts and related product areas, Milliken (USA) in textiles for rubber reinforcement and other industrial applications and BWF (Germany) in filtration.

Medical and hygiene textiles
The fact that medical and hygiene textiles are expected to show below average growth in volume but above average growth in value reflects the contrasting prospects of at least two main areas of the market. The largest use of textiles is for hygiene applications such as wipes, babies’ diapers (nappies) and adult sanitary and incontinence products.With the possible exception of the last of these, all are relatively mature markets whose volume growth has peaked. Manufacturers and converters now seek to develop them further by adding value to increasingly sophisticated products. Nonwovens dominate these applications which account for over 23% of all nonwoven use, the largest proportion of any of the 12 major markets for technical textiles.

The other side of the medical and hygiene market is a rather smaller but higher value market for medical and surgical products such as operating gowns and drapes, sterilisation packs, dressings, sutures and orthopaedic pads.At the highest value end of this segment are relatively tiny volumes of extremely sophisticated textiles for uses such as artificial ligaments, veins and arteries, skin replacement, hollow fibres for dialysis machines and so on. Growth prospects in these areas are potentially considerable although the proving and widespread introduction of new life-criticalproducts takes time.

Home textiles
Nonwovens and composite reinforcements, over 35% of the total weight of fibres and textiles in that category, lies in the field of household textiles and furnishing and especially in the use of loose fibres in wadding and fibrefill applications. Hollow fibres with excellent insulating properties are widely used in bedding and sleeping bags.Other types of fibre are increasingly being used to replace foams in furniture because of concern over the fire and health hazards posed by such materials. Woven fabrics are still used to a significant extent as carpet and furniture backings and in some smaller, more specialised areas such as curtain header tapes. However, nonwovens such as spunbondeds have made significant inroads into these larger markets while various drylaid and hydroentangled products are now widely used in household cleaning applications in place of traditional mops and dusters.

Clothing components
This category includes fibres, yarns and textiles used as technical components in the manufacture of clothing such as sewing threads, interlinings, waddings and insulation; it does not include the main outer and lining fabrics of garments, nor does it cover protective clothing. As for home textile applications, this is a major market for fibrefill products.Some of the latest and most sophisticated developments have seen the incorporation of temperature phase change materials into such insulation products to provide an additional degree of control and resistance to sudden extremes of temperature, be they hot or cold.

Agriculture, horticulture and fishing
Textiles have always been used extensively in the course of food production, most notably by the fishing industry in the form of nets, ropes and lines but also by agriculture and horticulture for a variety of covering, protection and containment applications. Although future volume growth rates appear to be relatively modest, this is partly due to the replacement of heavier weight traditional textiles, including jute and sisal sacking and twine, by lighter, longer lasting synthetic substitutes, especially polypropylene.Lightweight spunbonded fleeces are now used for shading, thermal insulation and weed suppression. Heavier nonwoven, knitted and woven constructions are employed for wind and hail protection. Capillary nonwoven matting is used in horticulture to distribute moisture to growing plants.

At sea, fish farming is a growing industry which uses specialised netting and other textile products. High performance fibres such as HMPE (High Modulus Poly Ethylene) are finding their way into the fishing industry for the manufacture of lightweight, ultra-strong lines and nets.

Construction – building and roofing
Textiles are employed in many ways in the construction of buildings, both permanent and temporary, dams, bridges, tunnels and roads.A closely related but distinct area of use is in geotextiles by the civil engineering sector. Temporary structures such as tents, marquees and awnings are some of the most
obvious and visible applications of textiles.Where these used to be exclusively made from proofed heavy cotton, a variety of lighter, stronger, rot-, sunlight- and weatherproof (also often fireproof) synthetic materials are now increasingly required.

A relatively new category of ‘architectural membrane’ is coming to prominence in the construction of semipermanent structures such as sports stadia, exhibition centres and other modern buildings. Nonwoven glass and polyester fabrics are already widely used in roofing applications while other textiles are used as breathable membranes to prevent moisture penetration of walls. Fibres and textiles also have a major role to play in building and equipment insulation.

Packaging and containment
Important uses of textiles include the manufacturing of bags and sacks, traditionally from cotton, flax and jute but increasingly from polypropylene. Tea and coffee bags use wet-laid nonwovens. Meats, vegetables and fruits are now frequently packed with a nonwoven insert to absorb liquids. Other fruits and vegetable products are supplied in knitted net packaging.

Sport and leisure
Even excluding the very considerable use of textiles in performance clothing and footwear, there are plenty of opportunities for the use of technical textiles throughout the sports and leisure market

Geotextiles in civil engineering
The geosynthetics market (comprising geotextiles, geogrids and geomembranes) is nevertheless expected to show some of the highest growth rates of any sector over the foreseeable future. The economic and environmental advantages of using textiles to reinforce, stabilise, separate, drain and filter are already well proven. Geotextiles allow the building of railway and road cuttings and embankments with steeper sides, reducing the land required and disturbance to the local environment. Nonwovens already account for up to 80% of geotextile applications. Current interest is in ‘composite’ fabrics which combine the advantages of different textile constructions such as woven, knitted, nonwoven and membrane materials.To supply the diversity of fabrics needed for the many different applications of geotextiles, leading specialist manufacturers are beginning to assemble a wide range of complementary capabilities by acquisition and other means.

Protective and safety clothing and textiles

Textiles for protective clothing and other related applications are another important growth area which has attracted attention and interest somewhat out of proportion to the size and value of the existing market. As in the case of sports textiles, a number of relatively high value and performance critical product areas have proved to be an ideal launch pad for a new generation of high performance fibres, most notably the aramids, but including many other speciality materials. The variety of protective functions that needs to be provided by different textile products is considerable and diverse. It includes protection against cuts, abrasion, ballistic and other types of severe impact including stab wounds and explosions, fire and extreme heat, hazardous dust and particles, nuclear, biological and chemical hazards, high voltages and static electricity, foul weather, extreme cold and poor visibility.

Ecological protection textiles
Technical textiles can contribute towards the environment in almost every sphere of their use, for example by reducing weight in transport and construction and thereby saving materials and energy. Improved recycleability is becoming an important issue not only for packaging but also for products such as cars.


Milestones of Technical textiles:

Natural Fibers: Cotton, flax, jute, hemp, sisal used for heavy canvas rope with limited resistance to water or fungal attack & poor flame retardency.
Viscose Rayon: Developed in 1910 used as reinforcement to tires and other rubber goods ( drive belt, conveyors and hoses) for their tenacity & modulus and heat resistance. Absorbency led to the use in paper making, non woven for cleaning & hygiene.

Nylon and Polyester: Nylon developed in 1939, high strength & abrasion resistance, good elasticity, excellent energy absorption used for climbing ropes, parachute fabrics, sails and tire cords.- Polyester developed in 1950 which is low cost & used as alternative to viscose & poly-amide in technical applications.

Technical Textile | Application and Milestone of Technical Textile

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 Technical Textiles: Textile materials & products manufactured primarily for their technical & performance properties rather than their esthetic or decorative characteristics.

A technical textile is a textile product manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion. Now a days, it is a large and growing sector and supports a vast array of other industries.


According textile terms & definition- Industrial textiles is now more often viewed as a subgroup of wider category of technical textiles, referring specially to those textile products-

   -used in the course of manufacturing operations (e.g. filters, machine clothing, conveyor belts, abrasive substrates)
   -incorporated into other industrial products (e.g. electrical component & cable, flexible seals & acoustic & thermal insulation)

Technical textiles include textiles for automotive applications, medical textile (e.g. implants), geo textiles (e.g. reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), industrial textile and protective clothing.

Best alternative name of technical textile-
  • Industrial textile
  • Performance textile
  • Functional textile
  • Engineering textile
  • Hi-Tech textile

Product Group of Technical Textile:

Coated Textiles: Laminated textiles, tent/canvas materials, packaging, materials, sacking, tarpaulin fabric, covering & accessories, awning materials.

Composite Textiles: Reinforcement textiles, fiber reinforced composites, textile reinforced plastic & concrete components.

Bond Tech Textiles: Finishing technologies, including sealing, bonding and coating.


Application Area of Technical Textile:

Summery of technical textile applications:
  • agrotech: agriculture, aquaculture, horticulture and forestry
  • buildtech: building and construction
  • clothtech: technical components of footwear and clothing
  • geotech: geotextiles and civil engineering
  • hometech: technical components of furniture, household textiles and
    floorcoverings
  • indutech: filtration, conveying, cleaning and other industrial uses
  • medtech: hygiene and medical
  • mobiltech: automobiles, shipping, railways and aerospace
  • oekotech: environmental protection
  • packtech: packaging
  • protech: personal and property protection
  • sporttech: sport and leisure.

Transport textiles
Transport applications (cars, lorries, buses, trains, ships and aerospace) represent the largest single end-use area for technical textiles, accounting for some 20% of the total. Products range from carpeting and seating (regarded as technical rather than furnishing textiles because of the very stringent performance characteristics which they must fulfil), through tyre, belt and hose reinforcement, safety belts and air bags, to composite reinforcements for automotive bodies, civil and military aircraft bodies, wings and engine components, and many other uses. The fact that volume and value growth rates in these applications appear to be amongst the lowest of any application area needs to be interpreted with caution. The automotive industry (which accounts for a high proportion of all transport textiles) is certainly one of the most mature in market terms.

Industrial products and components
Set to rival transport textiles for first place by the year 2005 or shortly thereafterm(in volume terms, although not yet in value) is the diverse field of ‘industrial’ textiles. As now more precisely defined, this includes textiles used directly in industrial processes or incorporated into industrial products such as filters, conveyor belts and abrasive belts, as well as reinforcements for printed circuit boards, seals and gaskets, and other industrial equipment.

Growth rates are generally well above average in most areas. Because of the universal nature of many industrial requirements, some large companies have emerged with worldwide manufacturing and distribution to dominate markets for industrial textile products. They include companies such as Scapa (UK) and Albany (US), leaders in papermaking felts and related product areas, Milliken (USA) in textiles for rubber reinforcement and other industrial applications and BWF (Germany) in filtration.

Medical and hygiene textiles
The fact that medical and hygiene textiles are expected to show below average growth in volume but above average growth in value reflects the contrasting prospects of at least two main areas of the market. The largest use of textiles is for hygiene applications such as wipes, babies’ diapers (nappies) and adult sanitary and incontinence products.With the possible exception of the last of these, all are relatively mature markets whose volume growth has peaked. Manufacturers and converters now seek to develop them further by adding value to increasingly sophisticated products. Nonwovens dominate these applications which account for over 23% of all nonwoven use, the largest proportion of any of the 12 major markets for technical textiles.

The other side of the medical and hygiene market is a rather smaller but higher value market for medical and surgical products such as operating gowns and drapes, sterilisation packs, dressings, sutures and orthopaedic pads.At the highest value end of this segment are relatively tiny volumes of extremely sophisticated textiles for uses such as artificial ligaments, veins and arteries, skin replacement, hollow fibres for dialysis machines and so on. Growth prospects in these areas are potentially considerable although the proving and widespread introduction of new life-criticalproducts takes time.

Home textiles
Nonwovens and composite reinforcements, over 35% of the total weight of fibres and textiles in that category, lies in the field of household textiles and furnishing and especially in the use of loose fibres in wadding and fibrefill applications. Hollow fibres with excellent insulating properties are widely used in bedding and sleeping bags.Other types of fibre are increasingly being used to replace foams in furniture because of concern over the fire and health hazards posed by such materials. Woven fabrics are still used to a significant extent as carpet and furniture backings and in some smaller, more specialised areas such as curtain header tapes. However, nonwovens such as spunbondeds have made significant inroads into these larger markets while various drylaid and hydroentangled products are now widely used in household cleaning applications in place of traditional mops and dusters.

Clothing components
This category includes fibres, yarns and textiles used as technical components in the manufacture of clothing such as sewing threads, interlinings, waddings and insulation; it does not include the main outer and lining fabrics of garments, nor does it cover protective clothing. As for home textile applications, this is a major market for fibrefill products.Some of the latest and most sophisticated developments have seen the incorporation of temperature phase change materials into such insulation products to provide an additional degree of control and resistance to sudden extremes of temperature, be they hot or cold.

Agriculture, horticulture and fishing
Textiles have always been used extensively in the course of food production, most notably by the fishing industry in the form of nets, ropes and lines but also by agriculture and horticulture for a variety of covering, protection and containment applications. Although future volume growth rates appear to be relatively modest, this is partly due to the replacement of heavier weight traditional textiles, including jute and sisal sacking and twine, by lighter, longer lasting synthetic substitutes, especially polypropylene.Lightweight spunbonded fleeces are now used for shading, thermal insulation and weed suppression. Heavier nonwoven, knitted and woven constructions are employed for wind and hail protection. Capillary nonwoven matting is used in horticulture to distribute moisture to growing plants.

At sea, fish farming is a growing industry which uses specialised netting and other textile products. High performance fibres such as HMPE (High Modulus Poly Ethylene) are finding their way into the fishing industry for the manufacture of lightweight, ultra-strong lines and nets.

Construction – building and roofing
Textiles are employed in many ways in the construction of buildings, both permanent and temporary, dams, bridges, tunnels and roads.A closely related but distinct area of use is in geotextiles by the civil engineering sector. Temporary structures such as tents, marquees and awnings are some of the most
obvious and visible applications of textiles.Where these used to be exclusively made from proofed heavy cotton, a variety of lighter, stronger, rot-, sunlight- and weatherproof (also often fireproof) synthetic materials are now increasingly required.

A relatively new category of ‘architectural membrane’ is coming to prominence in the construction of semipermanent structures such as sports stadia, exhibition centres and other modern buildings. Nonwoven glass and polyester fabrics are already widely used in roofing applications while other textiles are used as breathable membranes to prevent moisture penetration of walls. Fibres and textiles also have a major role to play in building and equipment insulation.

Packaging and containment
Important uses of textiles include the manufacturing of bags and sacks, traditionally from cotton, flax and jute but increasingly from polypropylene. Tea and coffee bags use wet-laid nonwovens. Meats, vegetables and fruits are now frequently packed with a nonwoven insert to absorb liquids. Other fruits and vegetable products are supplied in knitted net packaging.

Sport and leisure
Even excluding the very considerable use of textiles in performance clothing and footwear, there are plenty of opportunities for the use of technical textiles throughout the sports and leisure market

Geotextiles in civil engineering
The geosynthetics market (comprising geotextiles, geogrids and geomembranes) is nevertheless expected to show some of the highest growth rates of any sector over the foreseeable future. The economic and environmental advantages of using textiles to reinforce, stabilise, separate, drain and filter are already well proven. Geotextiles allow the building of railway and road cuttings and embankments with steeper sides, reducing the land required and disturbance to the local environment. Nonwovens already account for up to 80% of geotextile applications. Current interest is in ‘composite’ fabrics which combine the advantages of different textile constructions such as woven, knitted, nonwoven and membrane materials.To supply the diversity of fabrics needed for the many different applications of geotextiles, leading specialist manufacturers are beginning to assemble a wide range of complementary capabilities by acquisition and other means.

Protective and safety clothing and textiles

Textiles for protective clothing and other related applications are another important growth area which has attracted attention and interest somewhat out of proportion to the size and value of the existing market. As in the case of sports textiles, a number of relatively high value and performance critical product areas have proved to be an ideal launch pad for a new generation of high performance fibres, most notably the aramids, but including many other speciality materials. The variety of protective functions that needs to be provided by different textile products is considerable and diverse. It includes protection against cuts, abrasion, ballistic and other types of severe impact including stab wounds and explosions, fire and extreme heat, hazardous dust and particles, nuclear, biological and chemical hazards, high voltages and static electricity, foul weather, extreme cold and poor visibility.

Ecological protection textiles
Technical textiles can contribute towards the environment in almost every sphere of their use, for example by reducing weight in transport and construction and thereby saving materials and energy. Improved recycleability is becoming an important issue not only for packaging but also for products such as cars.


Milestones of Technical textiles:

Natural Fibers: Cotton, flax, jute, hemp, sisal used for heavy canvas rope with limited resistance to water or fungal attack & poor flame retardency.
Viscose Rayon: Developed in 1910 used as reinforcement to tires and other rubber goods ( drive belt, conveyors and hoses) for their tenacity & modulus and heat resistance. Absorbency led to the use in paper making, non woven for cleaning & hygiene.

Nylon and Polyester: Nylon developed in 1939, high strength & abrasion resistance, good elasticity, excellent energy absorption used for climbing ropes, parachute fabrics, sails and tire cords.- Polyester developed in 1950 which is low cost & used as alternative to viscose & poly-amide in technical applications.
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Nonwoven fabrics are those made by bonding, adhesive application, chemical and mechanical treatment. It is clear that a nonwoven is something that is not woven. Nonwovens are unique engineered fabrics which offer cost effective solutions as e.g. in hygiene convenience items, or as battery separators, or filters, or geotextiles, etc.



Definition of Nonwoven Fabric: These are made from fibres, without any restriction, but not necessarily from fibres. A manufactured sheet, web or batt of directionally or randomly orientated fibres, bonded by friction, and/or cohesion and/or adhesion, excluding paper and products which are woven, knitted, tufted, stitch-bonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or felted by wet-milling, whether or not additionally needled. The fibres may be of natural or man-made origin. They may be staple or continuous filaments.

Properties of Nonwoven: 
  • Absorbent
  • Abrasion resistance
  • Breathable
  • Durable
  • Flexible
  • Drapeable
  • Hydrophobic
  • Processability
  • Resilient
  • Soft & stable
  • Mouldable
  • Temperature resistant
  • Flame resistant
  • Lint-free
  • Wrinkle resistant
  • Water repellent
  • Tear resistant
  • Low price
Uses of Nonwoven:
Household : Gown wipes and dusters, table cover, tea and coffee bags, bed clothing, fabric softeners, food wraps, pillow case, filters, bed and table linen, etc.
Medical: personal care and hygiene as in baby diapers, surgical operation coat, products for femine hygiene, adult products, wipe, lab coat, dry and wet pads, nursing pads, sanitary napkin.
Garments:
Interlinings, insulation and protective clothing, workwears, chemical defence products etc.
Automotive textiles:
Boot liners, shelf trim, oil and cabin air filters, moulded bonnet liners, heat shields, airbags, tapes, decorative fabrics, etc.
Geotextiles: asphalt overlay, soil stabilization, drainage, sedimentation and erosion control, etc.
Industrial: filtering cloth, industrial cloth, roof material, cable insulation, roll goods, reinforced plastics, air conditioning, cement wrapper, coating, geomembrane, industrial wipe.
Agriculture:
Sprout cultivation cloth, warming drape, etc
Microfibre nonwovens, such as Amaretta or Alkantara, are being used increasingly as high-quality furnishings  for seat upholstery fabrics, on covered components, for the door lining, and/or for the headliner.
Others: Healthcare, like operation drapes, gowns and packs, face masks, dressings and
swabs, osteomy bag liners, home furnishing, leisure and travel, school and office etc

Raw Materials for the Production of Nonwovens:
Nonwovens are textile fabrics consisting of separated fibres which are arranged properly by means of special technologies. For this reason the choice of fibres and possibly bonding materials is of special importance.

Usually all kinds of fibres can be used to produce nonwoven bonded fabrics.
The choice of fibre depends on
– the required profile of the fabric and
– the cost effectiveness
To produce nonwoven bonded fabrics
– chemical fibres of both cellulosic and synthetic origin as well as
– natural fibres and
– inorganic fibres
are mainly used

Types of Nonwoven Fabrics:
Nonwovens are usually classified depending on their fibrous material as well as making technique.
  • CWashing(water-repellent) nonwoven
  • Thermal-bonding
  • Air-laid
  • Wet nonwoven
  • Spun-bond
  • Melt-brown
  • Needle-punching 
  • Stitch-bonded

Definition of Nonwoven Fabric | Raw Materials for Producing Nonwoven | Types of Nonwoven

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Nonwoven fabrics are those made by bonding, adhesive application, chemical and mechanical treatment. It is clear that a nonwoven is something that is not woven. Nonwovens are unique engineered fabrics which offer cost effective solutions as e.g. in hygiene convenience items, or as battery separators, or filters, or geotextiles, etc.



Definition of Nonwoven Fabric: These are made from fibres, without any restriction, but not necessarily from fibres. A manufactured sheet, web or batt of directionally or randomly orientated fibres, bonded by friction, and/or cohesion and/or adhesion, excluding paper and products which are woven, knitted, tufted, stitch-bonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or felted by wet-milling, whether or not additionally needled. The fibres may be of natural or man-made origin. They may be staple or continuous filaments.

Properties of Nonwoven: 
  • Absorbent
  • Abrasion resistance
  • Breathable
  • Durable
  • Flexible
  • Drapeable
  • Hydrophobic
  • Processability
  • Resilient
  • Soft & stable
  • Mouldable
  • Temperature resistant
  • Flame resistant
  • Lint-free
  • Wrinkle resistant
  • Water repellent
  • Tear resistant
  • Low price
Uses of Nonwoven:
Household : Gown wipes and dusters, table cover, tea and coffee bags, bed clothing, fabric softeners, food wraps, pillow case, filters, bed and table linen, etc.
Medical: personal care and hygiene as in baby diapers, surgical operation coat, products for femine hygiene, adult products, wipe, lab coat, dry and wet pads, nursing pads, sanitary napkin.
Garments:
Interlinings, insulation and protective clothing, workwears, chemical defence products etc.
Automotive textiles:
Boot liners, shelf trim, oil and cabin air filters, moulded bonnet liners, heat shields, airbags, tapes, decorative fabrics, etc.
Geotextiles: asphalt overlay, soil stabilization, drainage, sedimentation and erosion control, etc.
Industrial: filtering cloth, industrial cloth, roof material, cable insulation, roll goods, reinforced plastics, air conditioning, cement wrapper, coating, geomembrane, industrial wipe.
Agriculture:
Sprout cultivation cloth, warming drape, etc
Microfibre nonwovens, such as Amaretta or Alkantara, are being used increasingly as high-quality furnishings  for seat upholstery fabrics, on covered components, for the door lining, and/or for the headliner.
Others: Healthcare, like operation drapes, gowns and packs, face masks, dressings and
swabs, osteomy bag liners, home furnishing, leisure and travel, school and office etc

Raw Materials for the Production of Nonwovens:
Nonwovens are textile fabrics consisting of separated fibres which are arranged properly by means of special technologies. For this reason the choice of fibres and possibly bonding materials is of special importance.

Usually all kinds of fibres can be used to produce nonwoven bonded fabrics.
The choice of fibre depends on
– the required profile of the fabric and
– the cost effectiveness
To produce nonwoven bonded fabrics
– chemical fibres of both cellulosic and synthetic origin as well as
– natural fibres and
– inorganic fibres
are mainly used

Types of Nonwoven Fabrics:
Nonwovens are usually classified depending on their fibrous material as well as making technique.
  • CWashing(water-repellent) nonwoven
  • Thermal-bonding
  • Air-laid
  • Wet nonwoven
  • Spun-bond
  • Melt-brown
  • Needle-punching 
  • Stitch-bonded
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Denim is a durable, tightly woven, strong fabric in 3/1 or 2/1 twill weave with dyed warp yarns and white weft or filling yarns. Traditionally denim fabrics are dyed with indigo dyes but now a days various colorful denims are produced. Rope dyeing and Slasher dyeing is available for warp yarn dyeing. The yarns have a very strong twist to make them more durable, but this also affects the denim's color. The yarns are twisted so tightly that indigo dye usually colors only the surface, leaving the yarns center white. The blue strands become the threads that shown on the outside of your denim and the white are the ones that make the inside of your denim look white. This produces the familiar diagonal ribbing identifiable on the reverse of the fabric. The diagonal line goes right at 45 degrees angle. Denim has been used in USA for making blue jeans since late 1800s. The word "denim" comes from the name of a fabric that was first made in the city of Nîmes, France.  It was originally called serge de Nîmes but the name was soon shortened to "denim."


Denim fabrics are widely used for making blue jeans. In fact, there is not any fabric available as jean or jeans in world trade market as I know. Sometimes I saw jean is one kind of twill fabric where both yarns are to be dyed or 2/1 Right Hand Twill. But practically I never saw any fabric as jeans used by any brand. Indeed, Jeans is one kind of fashion where denim fabrics are used as well as Dungaree is a fabric also used for making jeans. Denim is much popular for blue jeans. In 1873 denim was used for jeans and invented by Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss. Jeans was first designed for workers cloth for high longevity, became popular among teenagers. 







Others Colorful Jeans Pant


Denim Fabric | Deifference Between Denim and Jeans | Blue Jeans

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Denim is a durable, tightly woven, strong fabric in 3/1 or 2/1 twill weave with dyed warp yarns and white weft or filling yarns. Traditionally denim fabrics are dyed with indigo dyes but now a days various colorful denims are produced. Rope dyeing and Slasher dyeing is available for warp yarn dyeing. The yarns have a very strong twist to make them more durable, but this also affects the denim's color. The yarns are twisted so tightly that indigo dye usually colors only the surface, leaving the yarns center white. The blue strands become the threads that shown on the outside of your denim and the white are the ones that make the inside of your denim look white. This produces the familiar diagonal ribbing identifiable on the reverse of the fabric. The diagonal line goes right at 45 degrees angle. Denim has been used in USA for making blue jeans since late 1800s. The word "denim" comes from the name of a fabric that was first made in the city of Nîmes, France.  It was originally called serge de Nîmes but the name was soon shortened to "denim."


Denim fabrics are widely used for making blue jeans. In fact, there is not any fabric available as jean or jeans in world trade market as I know. Sometimes I saw jean is one kind of twill fabric where both yarns are to be dyed or 2/1 Right Hand Twill. But practically I never saw any fabric as jeans used by any brand. Indeed, Jeans is one kind of fashion where denim fabrics are used as well as Dungaree is a fabric also used for making jeans. Denim is much popular for blue jeans. In 1873 denim was used for jeans and invented by Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss. Jeans was first designed for workers cloth for high longevity, became popular among teenagers. 







Others Colorful Jeans Pant


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Knitting: Knitting is the method of creating fabric by transforming continuous strands of yarn into a series of interlocking loops, each row of such loops hanging from the one immediately preceding it. The basic element of a knit fabric structure is the loop intermeshed with the loops adjacent to it both sides and above and below it.





In the simplest form, a knit fabric is made by the longitudinal and vertical repetition of the same element, the loop, which is the basic element of the fabric.

The loop is a length of yarn that is forced to assume a curvilinear shape. It can be divided into three main sections


a) Loop top
b) Loop side and bottom
c) Half interloop (The interloop is the yarn that links two consecutive loops)






Knit fabrics are mainly categorized into two types respectively WEFT Knitting & WARP Knitting. The horizontal or vertical
repetition of loops forms the typical structures of knit fabrics, which can be divided into WEFT
KNIT FABRIC and WARP KNIT FABRIC, respectively.


WEFT KNITTING: In a weft knitted structure a horizontal row of loops can be made using one thread and the thread runs in horizontal direction.

WARP KNITTING: In a warp knitted structure, each loop in the horizontal direction is made from a different thread and the number of threads used to produce such a fabric is at least equal to the number pf loops in a horizontal row. One can say that in a warp knitted fabric the threads run roughly in a vertical direction.


What is a Course and Wales?





The word “course” defines a row of horizontal loops, belonging or not to the same yarn; “wale”
means a row of loops laid vertically one upon the other

Knitting Technology | Weft and Warp Knitted Fabrics | Difference Between Weft and Warp Knitting

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Knitting: Knitting is the method of creating fabric by transforming continuous strands of yarn into a series of interlocking loops, each row of such loops hanging from the one immediately preceding it. The basic element of a knit fabric structure is the loop intermeshed with the loops adjacent to it both sides and above and below it.





In the simplest form, a knit fabric is made by the longitudinal and vertical repetition of the same element, the loop, which is the basic element of the fabric.

The loop is a length of yarn that is forced to assume a curvilinear shape. It can be divided into three main sections


a) Loop top
b) Loop side and bottom
c) Half interloop (The interloop is the yarn that links two consecutive loops)






Knit fabrics are mainly categorized into two types respectively WEFT Knitting & WARP Knitting. The horizontal or vertical
repetition of loops forms the typical structures of knit fabrics, which can be divided into WEFT
KNIT FABRIC and WARP KNIT FABRIC, respectively.


WEFT KNITTING: In a weft knitted structure a horizontal row of loops can be made using one thread and the thread runs in horizontal direction.

WARP KNITTING: In a warp knitted structure, each loop in the horizontal direction is made from a different thread and the number of threads used to produce such a fabric is at least equal to the number pf loops in a horizontal row. One can say that in a warp knitted fabric the threads run roughly in a vertical direction.


What is a Course and Wales?





The word “course” defines a row of horizontal loops, belonging or not to the same yarn; “wale”
means a row of loops laid vertically one upon the other
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Three types of basic fabrics are available in world market according to weave and design. They are Plain, Twill & Satin. Plain weave is used to make shirting, suiting as well as dress fabrics. Twill weave has many derivatives where diagonal line contains a special character of twill. Twill weave is used to make a wide variety of commercial fabrics used for jeans, heavy garments, pants as well as jacket type cloths. For fancy fabric satin weave is widely used.

Cambric: it is a finest, more densely woven plain weave fabric with stiff nature at the face.  This light weight fabric is made with cotton or linen. Crispy is another character of this fabric thus it is used to women and children wear where crispy is required. Also used for linen, shirting, lace and needlework.

Chiffon: It is a light weight plain weave fabric made from cotton, silk and synthetic rayon as well as polyester. Very hard twisted yarns as alternate S or Z twist crepe yarns are used to produce this fabric. Under reviewing with a magnifying glass it resembles as net with mesh of fine yarns. It can be dyed easily but polyester made chiffon cannot be dyed. These fabrics are used for women wears widely.

Corduroy: This is woven fabric like as twill weave containing special character as cord effect. It is cut pile fabric available in solid color. The fabric looks as if it is made from multiple cords laid parallel to each other and then stitched together. These are made from tufted twisted yarns and more durable fabric thus it is used for pant, shirt, jacket as well as jeans wear.

Crepe: It is a hard spun silk fabric is originally characterized by a crinkle, puckered surface formed by highly twisted yarns in the warp or weft or both. By using ordinary yarns similar crepe effects can also be produced. Synthetic fabrics also impart crepe effect finish. It is used for sarees, shirts, women and children's dresses.

Denim: Traditionally denim is woven fabric of 2/1 or 3/1 right hand twill. The warp yarns are dyed and filling or weft remains white. Normally warps are dyed with indigo color widely used for blue jeans but there are others colored denims are produced as maroon, green and brown. It is very tightly woven, strong & durable fabric normally made with higher count containing yarns. Open ended yarns are frequently used for denim fabric making as well as ring spun yarns are used in a wide range. Denim is used for making blue jeans very widely as well as trousers, jackets, shirts etc.

Different Types of Woven Fabrics | Commecial Name of Woven Fabrics

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Three types of basic fabrics are available in world market according to weave and design. They are Plain, Twill & Satin. Plain weave is used to make shirting, suiting as well as dress fabrics. Twill weave has many derivatives where diagonal line contains a special character of twill. Twill weave is used to make a wide variety of commercial fabrics used for jeans, heavy garments, pants as well as jacket type cloths. For fancy fabric satin weave is widely used.

Cambric: it is a finest, more densely woven plain weave fabric with stiff nature at the face.  This light weight fabric is made with cotton or linen. Crispy is another character of this fabric thus it is used to women and children wear where crispy is required. Also used for linen, shirting, lace and needlework.

Chiffon: It is a light weight plain weave fabric made from cotton, silk and synthetic rayon as well as polyester. Very hard twisted yarns as alternate S or Z twist crepe yarns are used to produce this fabric. Under reviewing with a magnifying glass it resembles as net with mesh of fine yarns. It can be dyed easily but polyester made chiffon cannot be dyed. These fabrics are used for women wears widely.

Corduroy: This is woven fabric like as twill weave containing special character as cord effect. It is cut pile fabric available in solid color. The fabric looks as if it is made from multiple cords laid parallel to each other and then stitched together. These are made from tufted twisted yarns and more durable fabric thus it is used for pant, shirt, jacket as well as jeans wear.

Crepe: It is a hard spun silk fabric is originally characterized by a crinkle, puckered surface formed by highly twisted yarns in the warp or weft or both. By using ordinary yarns similar crepe effects can also be produced. Synthetic fabrics also impart crepe effect finish. It is used for sarees, shirts, women and children's dresses.

Denim: Traditionally denim is woven fabric of 2/1 or 3/1 right hand twill. The warp yarns are dyed and filling or weft remains white. Normally warps are dyed with indigo color widely used for blue jeans but there are others colored denims are produced as maroon, green and brown. It is very tightly woven, strong & durable fabric normally made with higher count containing yarns. Open ended yarns are frequently used for denim fabric making as well as ring spun yarns are used in a wide range. Denim is used for making blue jeans very widely as well as trousers, jackets, shirts etc.
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In cutting section we frequently found troublesome to detect fabric face as well as back side properly. When the fabric roll does not contain any mark or specifucation as face or back we face this difficulties. The bellow understanding will help someone to detect the woven fabric face side more easily and precisely.

General Methods You can Apply to Detect a Fabric Face or Back
  • Brushed or peach fabric the face side is generally peached or brushed.
  • Face side of a fabric will be clearer and softer than the back side.
  • Fabric of textured yarn the texture will be more visible in the face side.
  • Diagonal lines of twill fabrics will be more visible on the face side of the fabric.
  • Fabrics with fancy design have smoother weaves on the face side.
  • Cloths with color are usually brighter on the face
  • Cords are more pronounced on the face
  • Sateen fabric show face by weft on top
  • In case of Satins warp on top
  • Dobby fabrics and brocades have the pattern more prominent on the face
  • Pile fabric with brilliant color on top
  • Pile fabric with more pile on the face



When getting fabric roll from suppliers we can easily determine the face side through the bellow methods:
  • Denim fabric shows colored yarns on top or face
  • Face side of single-layer roll is fabric face side.
  • Inside face of double-plied roll is fabric face side
  • Side with printed trade mark at both ends is fabric face
  • Upper side of printed letter on the selvage
  • If selvage contains stentering holes, more regularly shows face

Determining of Woven Fabric Face and Back Side

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In cutting section we frequently found troublesome to detect fabric face as well as back side properly. When the fabric roll does not contain any mark or specifucation as face or back we face this difficulties. The bellow understanding will help someone to detect the woven fabric face side more easily and precisely.

General Methods You can Apply to Detect a Fabric Face or Back
  • Brushed or peach fabric the face side is generally peached or brushed.
  • Face side of a fabric will be clearer and softer than the back side.
  • Fabric of textured yarn the texture will be more visible in the face side.
  • Diagonal lines of twill fabrics will be more visible on the face side of the fabric.
  • Fabrics with fancy design have smoother weaves on the face side.
  • Cloths with color are usually brighter on the face
  • Cords are more pronounced on the face
  • Sateen fabric show face by weft on top
  • In case of Satins warp on top
  • Dobby fabrics and brocades have the pattern more prominent on the face
  • Pile fabric with brilliant color on top
  • Pile fabric with more pile on the face



When getting fabric roll from suppliers we can easily determine the face side through the bellow methods:
  • Denim fabric shows colored yarns on top or face
  • Face side of single-layer roll is fabric face side.
  • Inside face of double-plied roll is fabric face side
  • Side with printed trade mark at both ends is fabric face
  • Upper side of printed letter on the selvage
  • If selvage contains stentering holes, more regularly shows face

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GSM is the short form of Grams per Square Meter. GSM is the very most important thing which defines the weight of the fabrics of knit garments.

Garment price and quality based on many things like GSM, fabric quality, colors, finishing, prints, embroidery, style, etc. But GSM is the most important thing to be decided when confirming the prices between the sellers and buyers.

If we have fabrics, then we don’t have any problem in finding GSM, as we can cut any dimension to find GSM. But most of the times, we will have only the garments to find GSM. And we will have to keep the garment for style, making and other references. So we will be allowed to cut a small bit from the garments. Hence nowadays, round cutters are used. This system is used worldwide. With the help of this round cutter, the fabric will be cut into a small bit.

Then the GSM of the fabric can be found out by multiplying the weight of this round bit by 100. This round bit is to be weighed in an electronic scale with milligram accuracy. As this bit is very small and as the weight has to be multiplied by 100, the fabric has to be cut very sharply to get the exact GSM. Hence the blades of this round cutter are to be  sharp and new to get the exact GSM.

Now we will measure GSM in general procedure (In case of woven garment it is frequently used)


 GSM is the weight of 1meter x 1meter fabric. It means 100cm x 100cm = 10,000 sq.cms. It can be found out by any one of the below ways.

·         By the weight of 100cm x 100cm fabric bit.

·         By the weight of 50cm x 50cm fabric bit multiplied by 4.

·         By the weight of 25cm x 25cm fabric bit multiplied by 16.

·         By the weight of 10cm x 10cm fabric bit multiplied by 100.

We must be aware that if we use the smaller size bit, accurate GSM can not be achieved. The bigger size of fabric bit is better used to get exact or closer GSM.

Measuring GSM of Fabric Without GSM Cutter | Woven Fabric GSM Measurement

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GSM is the short form of Grams per Square Meter. GSM is the very most important thing which defines the weight of the fabrics of knit garments.

Garment price and quality based on many things like GSM, fabric quality, colors, finishing, prints, embroidery, style, etc. But GSM is the most important thing to be decided when confirming the prices between the sellers and buyers.

If we have fabrics, then we don’t have any problem in finding GSM, as we can cut any dimension to find GSM. But most of the times, we will have only the garments to find GSM. And we will have to keep the garment for style, making and other references. So we will be allowed to cut a small bit from the garments. Hence nowadays, round cutters are used. This system is used worldwide. With the help of this round cutter, the fabric will be cut into a small bit.

Then the GSM of the fabric can be found out by multiplying the weight of this round bit by 100. This round bit is to be weighed in an electronic scale with milligram accuracy. As this bit is very small and as the weight has to be multiplied by 100, the fabric has to be cut very sharply to get the exact GSM. Hence the blades of this round cutter are to be  sharp and new to get the exact GSM.

Now we will measure GSM in general procedure (In case of woven garment it is frequently used)


 GSM is the weight of 1meter x 1meter fabric. It means 100cm x 100cm = 10,000 sq.cms. It can be found out by any one of the below ways.

·         By the weight of 100cm x 100cm fabric bit.

·         By the weight of 50cm x 50cm fabric bit multiplied by 4.

·         By the weight of 25cm x 25cm fabric bit multiplied by 16.

·         By the weight of 10cm x 10cm fabric bit multiplied by 100.

We must be aware that if we use the smaller size bit, accurate GSM can not be achieved. The bigger size of fabric bit is better used to get exact or closer GSM.
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