Garments Making Flowchart | Operations of Garments Making

RMG (Ready Made Garments) is the final product of textile. Buyers given their required design to manufacturers, then FOB prices, fabric and other trims sourcing as per nominated supplier or local products (Frequently happen in case of knit). To make a garment some consecutive processes are to be done successively. Now know the garments making flowchart and process operations. RMG factories are scheduled with a common processing sequence to make and export. Flowchart of garments making must know as if you a merchandiser because you have to make time and action plan according to the setup of your factory. The operations involves there from development to ship the goods have been given in a flowchart of garments making. Q33TZ7QZJ82W

Garments are made with the below successive processes. Operations involves in garments making are given bellow

Operation	Job	Method
Tech Pack /PDM /Design	TP or PDM (Product Development Manual) is formerly given by buyer containing sketches, construction and measurement chart for a particular style of garments.	Manual/ Computerized
Basic Block/ Block Pattern	Basic block or block pattern is also given by buyer in some cases to make a style easy, it is featured with individual component of garments without considering allowances.	Manual/ Computerized
Working Pattern/ Garments Pattern	When a pattern is made for a particular style with net dimension regarding the basic block along with allowances then it is called a working pattern or garment pattern.	Manual/ Computerized
Sample Garments	By following TP and pattern, sample is made, send to buyer for reviewing and receive comments for final (Sample will be made till buyer satisfaction)  and go into production	Manual
Approved Sample	Different types of samples are made before starting production such as development, fit, wash, pp, GPT or Lab test. Once the sample approved by the buyer, then it is treated as approved sample as a final counter for bulk production	Manual
Costing	Fabric Cost CM (Cost of Making) Trims Cost Wash Cost Profit	Manual
Production Pattern	Making allowance with net dimension to bulk production	Manual/ Computerized
Grading	According to measurement chart and size breakdown grading is done for marker making. (It may be small to large or depends on the ages) It is frequently done by CAD to get more accuracy.	Manual/ Computerized
Marker Making	The marker is a thin paper which contains all the components of different sizes for a particular style of garments	Manual/ Computerized
Fabric Spreading	Spreading is done before cutting with the help of fabric spreader or manually. The marker is then spread over the fabric lay	Manual/ Computerized
Cutting	Cut the fabric according to marker dimension	Manual/ Computerized
Sorting & Bundling	Sort out the fabric according to size and for each size make in individual bundles	Manual
Sewing	Assemble a full garment	Manual
Washing	For woven garment washing is compulsory, especially denim garments are to be washed according to wash target. Others garments including knit also being washed.	Manual
Finishing	After washing the garments are to be attached others trims in  the  finishing section like as snap, button, rib or twill tape, shank etc and loose or hanging threads are cut in finishing.	Manual
Ironing	Now the garments are then applied to ironing and pressing.	Manual
Inspection	Should be approved as initial sample	Manual
Packing	Garments are packed with polyethylene bag by folding	Manual
Cartooning	After packing, it should be placed In cartooning for export	Manual
Dispatching	Hand over the cartoons to C&F to send to the final destination by air or sea.	Manual

 

Garments Making Flowchart | Operations of Garments Making

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RMG (Ready Made Garments) is the final product of textile. Buyers given their required design to manufacturers, then FOB prices, fabric and other trims sourcing as per nominated supplier or local products (Frequently happen in case of knit). To make a garment some consecutive processes are to be done successively. Now know the garments making flowchart and process operations. RMG factories are scheduled with a common processing sequence to make and export. Flowchart of garments making must know as if you a merchandiser because you have to make time and action plan according to the setup of your factory. The operations involves there from development to ship the goods have been given in a flowchart of garments making. Q33TZ7QZJ82W

Garments are made with the below successive processes. Operations involves in garments making are given bellow

Operation	Job	Method
Tech Pack /PDM /Design	TP or PDM (Product Development Manual) is formerly given by buyer containing sketches, construction and measurement chart for a particular style of garments.	Manual/ Computerized
Basic Block/ Block Pattern	Basic block or block pattern is also given by buyer in some cases to make a style easy, it is featured with individual component of garments without considering allowances.	Manual/ Computerized
Working Pattern/ Garments Pattern	When a pattern is made for a particular style with net dimension regarding the basic block along with allowances then it is called a working pattern or garment pattern.	Manual/ Computerized
Sample Garments	By following TP and pattern, sample is made, send to buyer for reviewing and receive comments for final (Sample will be made till buyer satisfaction)  and go into production	Manual
Approved Sample	Different types of samples are made before starting production such as development, fit, wash, pp, GPT or Lab test. Once the sample approved by the buyer, then it is treated as approved sample as a final counter for bulk production	Manual
Costing	Fabric Cost CM (Cost of Making) Trims Cost Wash Cost Profit	Manual
Production Pattern	Making allowance with net dimension to bulk production	Manual/ Computerized
Grading	According to measurement chart and size breakdown grading is done for marker making. (It may be small to large or depends on the ages) It is frequently done by CAD to get more accuracy.	Manual/ Computerized
Marker Making	The marker is a thin paper which contains all the components of different sizes for a particular style of garments	Manual/ Computerized
Fabric Spreading	Spreading is done before cutting with the help of fabric spreader or manually. The marker is then spread over the fabric lay	Manual/ Computerized
Cutting	Cut the fabric according to marker dimension	Manual/ Computerized
Sorting & Bundling	Sort out the fabric according to size and for each size make in individual bundles	Manual
Sewing	Assemble a full garment	Manual
Washing	For woven garment washing is compulsory, especially denim garments are to be washed according to wash target. Others garments including knit also being washed.	Manual
Finishing	After washing the garments are to be attached others trims in  the  finishing section like as snap, button, rib or twill tape, shank etc and loose or hanging threads are cut in finishing.	Manual
Ironing	Now the garments are then applied to ironing and pressing.	Manual
Inspection	Should be approved as initial sample	Manual
Packing	Garments are packed with polyethylene bag by folding	Manual
Cartooning	After packing, it should be placed In cartooning for export	Manual
Dispatching	Hand over the cartoons to C&F to send to the final destination by air or sea.	Manual

 

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Process Flowchart of Knit Dyeing | Scouring-Bleaching-Enzymatic Treatment Flowchart

Knit dyeing is now most popular because of availability of knit composites and demand of knit garments. Knit dyeing process sequence is quite different to woven dyeing. Productivity of knit dyeing is higher than woven dyeing. Continuous dyeing process does not comply with knit dyeing thus it is done in batch process. 

Flowchart of Knit Dyeing-

Flowchart of Enzymatic Treatment -

Flowchart of  Scouring & Bleaching -

Process Flowchart of Knit Dyeing | Scouring-Bleaching-Enzymatic Treatment Flowchart

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Knit dyeing is now most popular because of availability of knit composites and demand of knit garments. Knit dyeing process sequence is quite different to woven dyeing. Productivity of knit dyeing is higher than woven dyeing. Continuous dyeing process does not comply with knit dyeing thus it is done in batch process. 

Flowchart of Knit Dyeing-

Flowchart of Enzymatic Treatment -

Flowchart of  Scouring & Bleaching -

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What is Tinting, Over Dyeing, Dip Dyeing and Tie Dyeing ? - Garments Dyeing

Tinting

Tinting is one kind of dyeing in case of garment dyeing. When full fashioned garments need to dye up, called garments dyeing where tinting is a process to complete the garments dyeing or garments washing to achieve final desired shade. Traditionally tinting is done with direct dye or reactive dye. During denim washing, after completing basic washing, some tint is added to the dye bath before softening process to make it somewhat bluer, yellower, greener, redder or any color to match the wash target, this phenomena is commonly known as tinting. For tinting direct dye is popular than reactive dye.

Over Dyeing

Garment over dye is another technique to get desired color on fully fashioned cloths. Some colorful twill garments are frequently changed into different color from basic color then over dyeing technique is applied. This dyeing is done over any dyed as well as white garments that is why it so called over dyeing. Garments made from 100% cotton are only can be applied to over dyeing.

Dip Dyeing

Dip dyeing is a new technique to produce unique design on garments. 100% cotton yarns made garment can be applied to dip dyeing. Preparing a dyeing bath with direct or reactive dye where garments are to be dipped to a certain area as per requirements. Depends on depth of shade dipping time will be fixed. Usually 5 to 7 times a garments is dipped into dye-bath and rinsing is done. Then successive after dyeing treatments are to be done for color fixation and finally curing would be done. Hanger is used to grip the garments and uniform dipping into bath. Dip dyeing garments can give

more unique and aesthetic looking but bulk production is not much workable due to some limitations.

Tie Dyeing

Garments tie dyeing is a modern name as similar to resist style of printing or batik printing. This process typically consists of folding, twisting, pleating, or crumpling fabric or a garment and binding with string or rubber bands, followed by application of dyestuffs. Color particles only allow to penetrate to the open fabric areas remaining white the tied portion. The manipulations of the fabric prior to application of dye are called resists, as they partially or completely prevent the applied dye from coloring the fabric.

What is Tinting, Over Dyeing, Dip Dyeing and Tie Dyeing ? - Garments Dyeing

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Tinting

Tinting is one kind of dyeing in case of garment dyeing. When full fashioned garments need to dye up, called garments dyeing where tinting is a process to complete the garments dyeing or garments washing to achieve final desired shade. Traditionally tinting is done with direct dye or reactive dye. During denim washing, after completing basic washing, some tint is added to the dye bath before softening process to make it somewhat bluer, yellower, greener, redder or any color to match the wash target, this phenomena is commonly known as tinting. For tinting direct dye is popular than reactive dye.

Over Dyeing

Garment over dye is another technique to get desired color on fully fashioned cloths. Some colorful twill garments are frequently changed into different color from basic color then over dyeing technique is applied. This dyeing is done over any dyed as well as white garments that is why it so called over dyeing. Garments made from 100% cotton are only can be applied to over dyeing.

Dip Dyeing

Dip dyeing is a new technique to produce unique design on garments. 100% cotton yarns made garment can be applied to dip dyeing. Preparing a dyeing bath with direct or reactive dye where garments are to be dipped to a certain area as per requirements. Depends on depth of shade dipping time will be fixed. Usually 5 to 7 times a garments is dipped into dye-bath and rinsing is done. Then successive after dyeing treatments are to be done for color fixation and finally curing would be done. Hanger is used to grip the garments and uniform dipping into bath. Dip dyeing garments can give

more unique and aesthetic looking but bulk production is not much workable due to some limitations.

Tie Dyeing

Garments tie dyeing is a modern name as similar to resist style of printing or batik printing. This process typically consists of folding, twisting, pleating, or crumpling fabric or a garment and binding with string or rubber bands, followed by application of dyestuffs. Color particles only allow to penetrate to the open fabric areas remaining white the tied portion. The manipulations of the fabric prior to application of dye are called resists, as they partially or completely prevent the applied dye from coloring the fabric.

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Denim Fabric | Deifference Between Denim and Jeans | Blue Jeans

Denim is a durable, tightly woven, strong fabric in 3/1 or 2/1 twill weave with dyed warp yarns and white weft or filling yarns. Traditionally denim fabrics are dyed with indigo dyes but now a days various colorful denims are produced. Rope dyeing and Slasher dyeing is available for warp yarn dyeing. The yarns have a very strong twist to make them more durable, but this also affects the denim's color. The yarns are twisted so tightly that indigo dye usually colors only the surface, leaving the yarns center white. The blue strands become the threads that shown on the outside of your denim and the white are the ones that make the inside of your denim look white. This produces the familiar diagonal ribbing identifiable on the reverse of the fabric. The diagonal line goes right at 45 degrees angle. Denim has been used in USA for making blue jeans since late 1800s. The word "denim" comes from the name of a fabric that was first made in the city of Nîmes, France.  It was originally called serge de Nîmes but the name was soon shortened to "denim."

Denim fabrics are widely used for making blue jeans. In fact, there is not any fabric available as jean or jeans in world trade market as I know. Sometimes I saw jean is one kind of twill fabric where both yarns are to be dyed or 2/1 Right Hand Twill. But practically I never saw any fabric as jeans used by any brand. Indeed, Jeans is one kind of fashion where denim fabrics are used as well as Dungaree is a fabric also used for making jeans. Denim is much popular for blue jeans. In 1873 denim was used for jeans and invented by Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss. Jeans was first designed for workers cloth for high longevity, became popular among teenagers. 

Others Colorful Jeans Pant

Denim Fabric | Deifference Between Denim and Jeans | Blue Jeans

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Denim is a durable, tightly woven, strong fabric in 3/1 or 2/1 twill weave with dyed warp yarns and white weft or filling yarns. Traditionally denim fabrics are dyed with indigo dyes but now a days various colorful denims are produced. Rope dyeing and Slasher dyeing is available for warp yarn dyeing. The yarns have a very strong twist to make them more durable, but this also affects the denim's color. The yarns are twisted so tightly that indigo dye usually colors only the surface, leaving the yarns center white. The blue strands become the threads that shown on the outside of your denim and the white are the ones that make the inside of your denim look white. This produces the familiar diagonal ribbing identifiable on the reverse of the fabric. The diagonal line goes right at 45 degrees angle. Denim has been used in USA for making blue jeans since late 1800s. The word "denim" comes from the name of a fabric that was first made in the city of Nîmes, France.  It was originally called serge de Nîmes but the name was soon shortened to "denim."

Denim fabrics are widely used for making blue jeans. In fact, there is not any fabric available as jean or jeans in world trade market as I know. Sometimes I saw jean is one kind of twill fabric where both yarns are to be dyed or 2/1 Right Hand Twill. But practically I never saw any fabric as jeans used by any brand. Indeed, Jeans is one kind of fashion where denim fabrics are used as well as Dungaree is a fabric also used for making jeans. Denim is much popular for blue jeans. In 1873 denim was used for jeans and invented by Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss. Jeans was first designed for workers cloth for high longevity, became popular among teenagers. 

Others Colorful Jeans Pant

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Different Types of Dry Process for Denim Washing

Dry process in case of denim washing is now very common, buyers frequently ask for it because of new trend of fashion. To create an old-vintage look on denim pants, jackets or trousers different types of dry processes apply before basic washing. The common dry processes are mentioned as below.

• HAND BRUSH
• WHISKER
• 3D WHISKER
• CRINKLE
• 3D WRINKLE
• CHEVRON
• PATCH GRINDING
• HEM GRINDING
• TACKING
• NICKING
• PP SPRAY
• HIGHLIGHTING
• RESIN
• CURING

PP(KMnO4) spray

Potassium permanganate spray is done on jeans to take a bright effect on sand blast area. One important thing about the potassium permanganate spray is, this is usually a sporting process to increase the effect of sand blast. Potassium permanganate solution is sprayed on the blasted area of jeans garment with the help of a normal spray gun. This potassium permanganate spray appears pink on the garment when fresh and turns to muddy brown on drying. The garment is hanged in open to dry after potassium permanganate spray and when the potassium permanganate turns its colors completely then it is considered to ready for the next process.

It is always followed by neutralization process. Sodium Meta bi-sulphate is most commonly used neutralizer. A number of products are available in the market for the neutralization process like sodium meta bi-sulphate selected on the bases of effect required on blasted area.

Sand Blast

Sand blasting is the process of scrubbing off the garment by blowing high speed air mixed with very fine particles of sand. This is a very successful and most widely used process for fashion articles. When the surface area of the garment is blasted, white cotton appears beneath the blasted area and the affected appears are very similar to the worn out jeans.

Sand blast provides a very uniform result which cannot be achieved with its alternates. Its specialty is the merging effect that is blended with such a beauty that it has no difference with natural effects.

Destroy & Grinding

distressing or grinding is the process of destruction on jeans form edges of the garment. When we look at old jeans we find it destroyed from the edges of pockets, fly area, belt and bottom. This used effect can be created on jeans by grinding and is of key importance in high fashion garments.

Grinding is done of garments by pen type of stone tools. It can be done in mid of the wash process. In many workshops it is done before any wash process as a first process after stitching. Stone tools similar to grinders used in wood and stone industry are utilized to work on garments with a few amendments to their design.

Tacking/Tagging

Tacking or more commonly tag pinning is a very in fashion style in denim garment in these days. In this process the effect is created by swift tag machines with the help of plastic or nylon tag pins in rigid form of garment to get contrast.

Usually tag pin machines are used to attach tag pins to garment. The procedure is very simple and proceeds as; garment is folded on required area and tacked through folds.

Hand Sand

Sand ballasting with paper, commonly known as scrapping is the most widely used process for creating the blasting effect. It is usually done by mounting the garment on rubber balloons. After mounting the garment air balloon is filled with air to expose the area to operate. It is important to fill the pressure.

Hand sand is the step which is generally being done in rigid form of garments to get the distressed look. Locations can be front thigh & back seat or its can be overall / global application as per the Standard. Emery paper is being used to scrape the garments in particular placement & design. Emery paper comes in different number generally start from 40 till 600 and above , higher the number finer the emery paper, lower the coarseness of the paper. In the garment industry from 220 , 320 & 400 number papers are most popular & widely used.

Ripping, Pilling & Cuts

These effects are created where to copy a real worn out and roughly used jeans. These are created by using sharp edge tool line clippers, blades and knives.

Warp yarn is cut by a knife and the white weft yarn is left in place to create a beautiful worn out effect. The garment with cuts is then washed in washers to reveal the white the white thread. This makes the horizontal white lines of weft and if some dye is added to wash bath it will add more beauty to the garment. The secret is the cuts are always kept weft wise i.e. in horizontal to the garment. This will keep the weft in place and warp will be removed in the washing process. If it lets the warp is cut then the only thing you get after wash is a big hole.

3D Whiskers

Resin ( Formaldehyde free ) being used for achieving 3D effect ( 3 Dimensional ), Rigid Look etc. This process can be done by spraying or dipping the garments in to Resin, Catalyst, Silicone & PU solution in right combination according to the fabric strength & desired effect needed.

After application of resin solution in right proportion, make manual designing as needed on the thigh, hip & back knee area to get 3Dimentional effect. After making it , it should be manually dried with hot press or hair dryer & then must

be cured in oven at right temperature, time as mentioned in resin product manual.

Different Types of Dry Process for Denim Washing

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Dry process in case of denim washing is now very common, buyers frequently ask for it because of new trend of fashion. To create an old-vintage look on denim pants, jackets or trousers different types of dry processes apply before basic washing. The common dry processes are mentioned as below.

• HAND BRUSH
• WHISKER
• 3D WHISKER
• CRINKLE
• 3D WRINKLE
• CHEVRON
• PATCH GRINDING
• HEM GRINDING
• TACKING
• NICKING
• PP SPRAY
• HIGHLIGHTING
• RESIN
• CURING

PP(KMnO4) spray

Potassium permanganate spray is done on jeans to take a bright effect on sand blast area. One important thing about the potassium permanganate spray is, this is usually a sporting process to increase the effect of sand blast. Potassium permanganate solution is sprayed on the blasted area of jeans garment with the help of a normal spray gun. This potassium permanganate spray appears pink on the garment when fresh and turns to muddy brown on drying. The garment is hanged in open to dry after potassium permanganate spray and when the potassium permanganate turns its colors completely then it is considered to ready for the next process.

It is always followed by neutralization process. Sodium Meta bi-sulphate is most commonly used neutralizer. A number of products are available in the market for the neutralization process like sodium meta bi-sulphate selected on the bases of effect required on blasted area.

Sand Blast

Sand blasting is the process of scrubbing off the garment by blowing high speed air mixed with very fine particles of sand. This is a very successful and most widely used process for fashion articles. When the surface area of the garment is blasted, white cotton appears beneath the blasted area and the affected appears are very similar to the worn out jeans.

Sand blast provides a very uniform result which cannot be achieved with its alternates. Its specialty is the merging effect that is blended with such a beauty that it has no difference with natural effects.

Destroy & Grinding

distressing or grinding is the process of destruction on jeans form edges of the garment. When we look at old jeans we find it destroyed from the edges of pockets, fly area, belt and bottom. This used effect can be created on jeans by grinding and is of key importance in high fashion garments.

Grinding is done of garments by pen type of stone tools. It can be done in mid of the wash process. In many workshops it is done before any wash process as a first process after stitching. Stone tools similar to grinders used in wood and stone industry are utilized to work on garments with a few amendments to their design.

Tacking/Tagging

Tacking or more commonly tag pinning is a very in fashion style in denim garment in these days. In this process the effect is created by swift tag machines with the help of plastic or nylon tag pins in rigid form of garment to get contrast.

Usually tag pin machines are used to attach tag pins to garment. The procedure is very simple and proceeds as; garment is folded on required area and tacked through folds.

Hand Sand

Sand ballasting with paper, commonly known as scrapping is the most widely used process for creating the blasting effect. It is usually done by mounting the garment on rubber balloons. After mounting the garment air balloon is filled with air to expose the area to operate. It is important to fill the pressure.

Hand sand is the step which is generally being done in rigid form of garments to get the distressed look. Locations can be front thigh & back seat or its can be overall / global application as per the Standard. Emery paper is being used to scrape the garments in particular placement & design. Emery paper comes in different number generally start from 40 till 600 and above , higher the number finer the emery paper, lower the coarseness of the paper. In the garment industry from 220 , 320 & 400 number papers are most popular & widely used.

Ripping, Pilling & Cuts

These effects are created where to copy a real worn out and roughly used jeans. These are created by using sharp edge tool line clippers, blades and knives.

Warp yarn is cut by a knife and the white weft yarn is left in place to create a beautiful worn out effect. The garment with cuts is then washed in washers to reveal the white the white thread. This makes the horizontal white lines of weft and if some dye is added to wash bath it will add more beauty to the garment. The secret is the cuts are always kept weft wise i.e. in horizontal to the garment. This will keep the weft in place and warp will be removed in the washing process. If it lets the warp is cut then the only thing you get after wash is a big hole.

3D Whiskers

Resin ( Formaldehyde free ) being used for achieving 3D effect ( 3 Dimensional ), Rigid Look etc. This process can be done by spraying or dipping the garments in to Resin, Catalyst, Silicone & PU solution in right combination according to the fabric strength & desired effect needed.

After application of resin solution in right proportion, make manual designing as needed on the thigh, hip & back knee area to get 3Dimentional effect. After making it , it should be manually dried with hot press or hair dryer & then must

be cured in oven at right temperature, time as mentioned in resin product manual.

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Denim Washing | Different Types of Denim Washing

 

In today's trend Denim has achieved much preference to teenagers as well as baby to adult as blue jeans. According to the fashionable denim garments, subjected to versatile washing techniques to obtain a worn, vintage look with various effects like as hand sand, whiskers, 3D, Nicking, Destroy etc. To produce a fading effect is the main object of denim washing without affecting the main body fabrics and patchiness, crinkles, seam puckering, hairiness, de-pilling, softened-hand feel, stabilized dimensions etc.

Denim washing involves some consecutive processes like as below-

• Pretreatment ( De-sizing, Rinsing, Scouring etc)
• Basic Washing (Enzyme, Stone, Bleach, Sand Blast, Acid, Garment or Rinse)
• Cleaning process
• Bleaching
• Tinting (Dyeing)
• Softening Process

Enzyme Washing
Basically denim washing directly involves to enzymatic treatments to obtain old, faded as well as vintage look of the garments. This is a bio-catalytic method wherein an ultra-soft handle effect can be produced on denim. The hydrolytic effect of enzymes causes the loss of surface fiber or projecting fiber, which improves surface smoothness and softness of the fabric. Enzyme reduces colors from the surface of the body and the effects of fading depends on the timing and availability of enzyme in the bath.

Stone Washing
This method is most common and is used to give denim an 'old-look'. Volcanic Pumice stone is one of the most important components used to abrade the surface of the fabric to obtain a surface pattern effect with color contrast and soft - handle. In this process, the fibers on the surface of the fabric are broken and removed and the inner white fibers of the warp yarn are gradually exposed. Natural patterns can be formed as the degree of abrasions varies in various parts of the garment.


Bleach Washing
This process is usually done without stones by using an oxidative bleaching agent like hypochlorite or peroxide bleaching. Before bleach washing enzymatic treatment of denim might be required. Sodium hypochlorite is normally used as it is cheap, convenient and quick. Other agents used are sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate.


Sand Blasting
This process is used to obtain localized abrasion effect. Usually, aluminum oxide granules are blasted onto the garment surface at a very high speed. The abrasion force rubs off the indigo-dyed fibres.

Denim Washing | Different Types of Denim Washing

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In today's trend Denim has achieved much preference to teenagers as well as baby to adult as blue jeans. According to the fashionable denim garments, subjected to versatile washing techniques to obtain a worn, vintage look with various effects like as hand sand, whiskers, 3D, Nicking, Destroy etc. To produce a fading effect is the main object of denim washing without affecting the main body fabrics and patchiness, crinkles, seam puckering, hairiness, de-pilling, softened-hand feel, stabilized dimensions etc.

Denim washing involves some consecutive processes like as below-

• Pretreatment ( De-sizing, Rinsing, Scouring etc)
• Basic Washing (Enzyme, Stone, Bleach, Sand Blast, Acid, Garment or Rinse)
• Cleaning process
• Bleaching
• Tinting (Dyeing)
• Softening Process

Enzyme Washing
Basically denim washing directly involves to enzymatic treatments to obtain old, faded as well as vintage look of the garments. This is a bio-catalytic method wherein an ultra-soft handle effect can be produced on denim. The hydrolytic effect of enzymes causes the loss of surface fiber or projecting fiber, which improves surface smoothness and softness of the fabric. Enzyme reduces colors from the surface of the body and the effects of fading depends on the timing and availability of enzyme in the bath.

Stone Washing
This method is most common and is used to give denim an 'old-look'. Volcanic Pumice stone is one of the most important components used to abrade the surface of the fabric to obtain a surface pattern effect with color contrast and soft - handle. In this process, the fibers on the surface of the fabric are broken and removed and the inner white fibers of the warp yarn are gradually exposed. Natural patterns can be formed as the degree of abrasions varies in various parts of the garment.


Bleach Washing
This process is usually done without stones by using an oxidative bleaching agent like hypochlorite or peroxide bleaching. Before bleach washing enzymatic treatment of denim might be required. Sodium hypochlorite is normally used as it is cheap, convenient and quick. Other agents used are sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate.


Sand Blasting
This process is used to obtain localized abrasion effect. Usually, aluminum oxide granules are blasted onto the garment surface at a very high speed. The abrasion force rubs off the indigo-dyed fibres.

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Classification of Knitting Machines-Knitting Technology

The machines used for the manufacturing of knit fabrics can be divided into machines with
individually driven needles and needle bar machines.

The former type of machine incorporates needles which are moved individually by cams acting
on the needle butt; they are used for producing weft knits and are subdivided into circular
knitting machines and flat-bed knitting machines.

The needles used can be latch needles or compound needles.

The needle bar machines incorporate needles which move simultaneously, since they are all
fixed to the same bar; we distinguish full-fashioned knitting machines and circular loop-wheel
machines for the production of weft knit fabrics, which only use spring-beard needles, and warp
knitting machines which use spring-beard needles, latch needles and compound needles.

Classification of Knitting Machines-Knitting Technology

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The machines used for the manufacturing of knit fabrics can be divided into machines with
individually driven needles and needle bar machines.

The former type of machine incorporates needles which are moved individually by cams acting
on the needle butt; they are used for producing weft knits and are subdivided into circular
knitting machines and flat-bed knitting machines.

The needles used can be latch needles or compound needles.

The needle bar machines incorporate needles which move simultaneously, since they are all
fixed to the same bar; we distinguish full-fashioned knitting machines and circular loop-wheel
machines for the production of weft knit fabrics, which only use spring-beard needles, and warp
knitting machines which use spring-beard needles, latch needles and compound needles.

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