What's New Here?

Showing posts with label Textile Fiber. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Textile Fiber. Show all posts

Textile resources are becoming scarce such as cotton but it has materials that can be resourced and there are also other petroleum based fibers such as acrylic, nylon, polyester or spandex but the production of them are irreversible damage to our environment, therefore many more companies are seeking an alternative to make sustainable fiber and fabrics.


Considering sustainability and rising of consumer awareness regarding environmental impact Lenzing has invented a new fiber EcoVero™ which is a alternative to Viscose fiber. Lenzing, a company with its headquarter in Austria is considering this new innovation as a milestone in Lenzing's sustainability journey by offering Eco-friendly viscose with the lowest environmental impact in the industry that is setting the new standard with wide benchmark in the sustainability of viscose fibers.

Viscose which is widely known as Viscose Rayon are used to make soft, silky and luxurious feeling fabric. The material wood are processed to make pulp that are purified cellulose which are often compared with silk and cotton. Though production of viscose are from natural source but they are chemically modified which is known as semi-synthetic.

Generally the timber are used to make the wooden pulp stems from irrigation-intensive mono cultures, which negatively impact the earth. Consumption of highly toxic chemicals, such as carbon disulfide(CS2) are used during the production of viscose rayon which has led to a number of worker poisonings. Apart this, shipping the cellulose-based semi synthetic fibers around the world also increase the level of carbon di-oxide(CO2) emissions, making it a fiber that is harmful to environment. 

EcoVero™, the innovative and improved sustainable alternative fiber to viscose rayon.

Being produced by Lenzing, EcoVero™ is made using wood that comes from sustainable forestry plantations are certified by industry-leading associations such as FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) or PEFC (Program for Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) in Europe. To produce Viscose, bamboo or eucalyptus are commonly used but in EcoVero™ more than 60 percent of the trees used to produced EcoVero™ fibers come from Austria and Bavaria to ensure lower emissions. 


Launching EcoVero™ fibers by Lenzing that set a new industry standard in sustainable viscose based on three main points-

  • The use of sustainable wood sources (FSC® or PEFC® certified),  
  • An ecological production process (significantly lower emissions and water impact than conventional viscose), 
  • Full supply chain transparency by identifying EcoVero™ fibers in the final product.

This cellulose fiber is produced with a new, innovative environmental process that has significantly lower emissions and water impact than conventional viscose. Almost all the chemicals used during the production of Ecovero are reusable. In comparison with viscose production, the Ecovero causes 50% less emissions and takes up half as much energy and water with its pulp bleaching being 100% chlorine-free.


Well known retailers are teaming up with Lenzing to advance their sustainability strategies with traceable Lenzing™ EcoVero™ fibers. The brands have already taken initiative to introduce EcoVero™ to their collection are listed below-
  • Gina Tricot, a Scandinavian retailer.
  • Lindex, Retailer of Sweden
  • Armedangels, The German brand

EcoVero™ Fiber The Alternative to Viscose is a Sustainable Innovation

Advertisements

Textile resources are becoming scarce such as cotton but it has materials that can be resourced and there are also other petroleum based fibers such as acrylic, nylon, polyester or spandex but the production of them are irreversible damage to our environment, therefore many more companies are seeking an alternative to make sustainable fiber and fabrics.


Considering sustainability and rising of consumer awareness regarding environmental impact Lenzing has invented a new fiber EcoVero™ which is a alternative to Viscose fiber. Lenzing, a company with its headquarter in Austria is considering this new innovation as a milestone in Lenzing's sustainability journey by offering Eco-friendly viscose with the lowest environmental impact in the industry that is setting the new standard with wide benchmark in the sustainability of viscose fibers.

Viscose which is widely known as Viscose Rayon are used to make soft, silky and luxurious feeling fabric. The material wood are processed to make pulp that are purified cellulose which are often compared with silk and cotton. Though production of viscose are from natural source but they are chemically modified which is known as semi-synthetic.

Generally the timber are used to make the wooden pulp stems from irrigation-intensive mono cultures, which negatively impact the earth. Consumption of highly toxic chemicals, such as carbon disulfide(CS2) are used during the production of viscose rayon which has led to a number of worker poisonings. Apart this, shipping the cellulose-based semi synthetic fibers around the world also increase the level of carbon di-oxide(CO2) emissions, making it a fiber that is harmful to environment. 

EcoVero™, the innovative and improved sustainable alternative fiber to viscose rayon.

Being produced by Lenzing, EcoVero™ is made using wood that comes from sustainable forestry plantations are certified by industry-leading associations such as FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) or PEFC (Program for Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) in Europe. To produce Viscose, bamboo or eucalyptus are commonly used but in EcoVero™ more than 60 percent of the trees used to produced EcoVero™ fibers come from Austria and Bavaria to ensure lower emissions. 


Launching EcoVero™ fibers by Lenzing that set a new industry standard in sustainable viscose based on three main points-

  • The use of sustainable wood sources (FSC® or PEFC® certified),  
  • An ecological production process (significantly lower emissions and water impact than conventional viscose), 
  • Full supply chain transparency by identifying EcoVero™ fibers in the final product.

This cellulose fiber is produced with a new, innovative environmental process that has significantly lower emissions and water impact than conventional viscose. Almost all the chemicals used during the production of Ecovero are reusable. In comparison with viscose production, the Ecovero causes 50% less emissions and takes up half as much energy and water with its pulp bleaching being 100% chlorine-free.


Well known retailers are teaming up with Lenzing to advance their sustainability strategies with traceable Lenzing™ EcoVero™ fibers. The brands have already taken initiative to introduce EcoVero™ to their collection are listed below-
  • Gina Tricot, a Scandinavian retailer.
  • Lindex, Retailer of Sweden
  • Armedangels, The German brand
Advertisements

Based on source Textile Fibers are classified into two groups.




Vegetable or Cellulosic fibers:

The fibers that are derived from plants are called vegetable fibers. The basic material of all plant life is cellulose. Cellulose is made up of elements like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These cellulose fibers have certain common properties like low resilience, high density, and good conductor of heat. They are highly absorbent and are resistant to high temperature. Cotton, flax, jute, ramie, coir and sisal are some of the examples of vegetable fibers.

Animal fibers:

The fibers which are obtained from animals are called animal fibers. Wool and silk are common examples of animal fibers. They are made up of protein molecules. The basic elements in the protein molecules are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Animal fibers have high resiliency but weak when wet because they are bad conductors of heat. Alpaca, Llama, rabbit, horse and kesin are also some of the animal fibers.

Mineral fibers:

They are the inorganic materials shaped into fibers and are mainly used in the fire proof fabrics. Asbestos is the example of mineral fiber. Mineral fibers are fire proof, resistant to acids and are used for industrial purposes. Carbon and graphite are also mineral fibers.

Man made or Synthetic fibers:

These refer to those fibers that are not naturally present in nature and are made artificially by man. Man made fibres have high strength and strong, when wet low moisture absorption characteristics. Examples of man made fibers are nylon, polyester etc.

Regenerated cellulosic fibers are called semi-synthetic as raw materials are of natural source but made in laboratory. Some regenerated fibers are Viscose rayon, acetate rayon and cupramonium rayon.

Classification of Textile Fiber

Advertisements
Based on source Textile Fibers are classified into two groups.




Vegetable or Cellulosic fibers:

The fibers that are derived from plants are called vegetable fibers. The basic material of all plant life is cellulose. Cellulose is made up of elements like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These cellulose fibers have certain common properties like low resilience, high density, and good conductor of heat. They are highly absorbent and are resistant to high temperature. Cotton, flax, jute, ramie, coir and sisal are some of the examples of vegetable fibers.

Animal fibers:

The fibers which are obtained from animals are called animal fibers. Wool and silk are common examples of animal fibers. They are made up of protein molecules. The basic elements in the protein molecules are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Animal fibers have high resiliency but weak when wet because they are bad conductors of heat. Alpaca, Llama, rabbit, horse and kesin are also some of the animal fibers.

Mineral fibers:

They are the inorganic materials shaped into fibers and are mainly used in the fire proof fabrics. Asbestos is the example of mineral fiber. Mineral fibers are fire proof, resistant to acids and are used for industrial purposes. Carbon and graphite are also mineral fibers.

Man made or Synthetic fibers:

These refer to those fibers that are not naturally present in nature and are made artificially by man. Man made fibres have high strength and strong, when wet low moisture absorption characteristics. Examples of man made fibers are nylon, polyester etc.

Regenerated cellulosic fibers are called semi-synthetic as raw materials are of natural source but made in laboratory. Some regenerated fibers are Viscose rayon, acetate rayon and cupramonium rayon.
Advertisements

Fibers are the primary raw material of textile processing. There are many kinds of textile fibers whose general properties are similar but not exactly same to each other. Some common properties must contain by the fibers to spin into yarn. All the fibers are not textile fibers so the basic properties are very important to be a textile fiber. 

General properties of Textile Fibers are of three categories:
  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Properties
  • Thermal Properties

Physical Properties:


Length to width ratio:  For the processing of fibers into yarns and then fabrics length must bigger than width. The minimum length to breadth ratio is 100:1.  Length of fibers is also classified into two groups as staple and filament. Staple fibers are of relatively short length fibers; and filament fibers are long length fibers. 

Fiber Fineness: This is the properties of fiber coarseness. Fineness of a natural fiber is a major factor in ascertaining quality and is measured in microns(1 microns= 1/1000millimeter). In general, finer fibers are softer, more pliable and have better drape ability. It is expressed with micronaire value and measured in denier. In case of synthetic fibers, fineness is controlled by the size of holes of the spinneret.

Tenacity (Strength): Strength of textile fibers is referred to as their tenacity. It is determined by measuring the force required to rupture or break the fiber. Sufficient tenacity is required to withstand the mechanical and chemical processing as well as make textile products which are durable. Tenacity is directly related to the length of the polymers, degree of polymerization, strength in dry and wet conditions, and types of inter- polymer forces of attraction formed between the polymers.

Flexibility:  Fibers should be flexible or pliable in order to be made into yarns and thereafter into fabrics that permit freedom of movement. Certain end uses require greater flexibility, e.g., automobile seat belts. 

Uniformity:  Uniformity of fibers towards its length, ensure production of even yarns which can then form fabrics of uniform appearance and consistent performance.  

Cohesiveness or spinning quality: It is the ability of the fiber to stick together properly during yarn manufacturing processes. Natural fibers have inherent irregularities in their longitudinal or cross sections which permit them to adhere to each other during fiber arranging. In case of synthetics, filament lengths aid in yarn formation. Texturing introduces coils, crimps, curls or loops in the structure of an otherwise smooth filament.

Morphology:  It is the study of physical shape and form of a fiber. It includes microscopic structure like longitudinal and cross sections. These also include fiber length, fineness, crimp, color and luster. 

Physical shape: Shape of a fiber include, its longitudinal sections, cross section, surface contour, irregularities and average length.

Luster: It refers to the sheen or gloss that a fiber possesses. It is directly proportional to the amount of light reflected by a fiber. This in turn is affected by their cross section shape. It is seen when light reflected from a surface. It is more subdued than shine. Silk and synthetics have luster than cellulosic fibers. In fact synthetics have high luster which is purposefully removed during spinning.

Crimp: Wool fiber is more or less wavy and has twists. This waviness is termed as crimp. Finer the wool more will be the crimps in it. Marino wool will have 30 crimps per inch while coarse wool has only one or two. This property of havingcrimps gives elasticity to the fiber..

Elongation and Elasticity: The amount of extension or stretch that a fiber accepts is referred to as elongation. Elongation at break is the amount of stretch a fiber can take before it breaks. Elasticity is the ability of stretched material to return immediately to its original size.

Resiliency: It refers to the ability of a fiber to come back to its original position after being creased or folded. Resilient fibers recover quickly from wrinkling or creasing. Good elastic recovery usually indicates good resiliency. This property is described qualitatively and ranges from excellent to poor. Excellent resiliency is exhibited by polyester, wool and nylon fibers. Flax, rayon and cotton, on the other hand, have a low resiliency.

Moisture regain: The ability of a dry fiber to absorb moisture from atmosphere is generally termed as moisture regain. Measurements are done under standard testing conditions (70°± 2F and 65% ±2% relative humidity). 

Chemical Properties:

Water Absorbency: Fibers are of two categories inherently as hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Hydrophobic fibers have no affinity towards water and hydrophilic fibers are of opposite character. Natural fibers are good in terms of absorbency than any kind of synthetics.

Resistance Power to Acid:  Cellulosic fibers are not resistant to Acid solution whereas synthetics have good resistance power.

Resistance Power to Alkali: Cellulosic fibers have fairly resistance power to alkali, especially in mild alkaline medium it does not get harmed but in strong alkaline medium fibers become affected. Synthetics have good resistance power in both mild and strong alkali.

Thermal Properties:

 Flammability: Burning characteristics of fiber groups vary from each other and can, thus be used as an authentic identification method. Reaction to flame can be further broken down into; behavior when approaching flame, when in flame and after being removed from flame.

Electrical conductivity(Static Electricity):  It is the ability of a fiber to transfer or carry electrical charges. Poor or low conductivity results in building up of static charges. This leads to the clinging of clothing and in extreme cases can produce electrical shocks, which produce crackling sound or even a tiny spark. Acrylic is a poor conductor of electricity.  Water is an excellent conductor of electricity and fibers with high moisture regains will never face the problem of static build-up.

Abrasion: The wearing away of a material by rubbing against another surface is called abrasion. 

Other thermal characteristics of fibers are important in their use and care like washing, drying and ironing are selected on the basis of a fiber’s ability to withstand heat.

General Properties of Textile Fiber | Physical and Thermal Properties of Fiber

Advertisements
Fibers are the primary raw material of textile processing. There are many kinds of textile fibers whose general properties are similar but not exactly same to each other. Some common properties must contain by the fibers to spin into yarn. All the fibers are not textile fibers so the basic properties are very important to be a textile fiber. 

General properties of Textile Fibers are of three categories:
  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Properties
  • Thermal Properties

Physical Properties:


Length to width ratio:  For the processing of fibers into yarns and then fabrics length must bigger than width. The minimum length to breadth ratio is 100:1.  Length of fibers is also classified into two groups as staple and filament. Staple fibers are of relatively short length fibers; and filament fibers are long length fibers. 

Fiber Fineness: This is the properties of fiber coarseness. Fineness of a natural fiber is a major factor in ascertaining quality and is measured in microns(1 microns= 1/1000millimeter). In general, finer fibers are softer, more pliable and have better drape ability. It is expressed with micronaire value and measured in denier. In case of synthetic fibers, fineness is controlled by the size of holes of the spinneret.

Tenacity (Strength): Strength of textile fibers is referred to as their tenacity. It is determined by measuring the force required to rupture or break the fiber. Sufficient tenacity is required to withstand the mechanical and chemical processing as well as make textile products which are durable. Tenacity is directly related to the length of the polymers, degree of polymerization, strength in dry and wet conditions, and types of inter- polymer forces of attraction formed between the polymers.

Flexibility:  Fibers should be flexible or pliable in order to be made into yarns and thereafter into fabrics that permit freedom of movement. Certain end uses require greater flexibility, e.g., automobile seat belts. 

Uniformity:  Uniformity of fibers towards its length, ensure production of even yarns which can then form fabrics of uniform appearance and consistent performance.  

Cohesiveness or spinning quality: It is the ability of the fiber to stick together properly during yarn manufacturing processes. Natural fibers have inherent irregularities in their longitudinal or cross sections which permit them to adhere to each other during fiber arranging. In case of synthetics, filament lengths aid in yarn formation. Texturing introduces coils, crimps, curls or loops in the structure of an otherwise smooth filament.

Morphology:  It is the study of physical shape and form of a fiber. It includes microscopic structure like longitudinal and cross sections. These also include fiber length, fineness, crimp, color and luster. 

Physical shape: Shape of a fiber include, its longitudinal sections, cross section, surface contour, irregularities and average length.

Luster: It refers to the sheen or gloss that a fiber possesses. It is directly proportional to the amount of light reflected by a fiber. This in turn is affected by their cross section shape. It is seen when light reflected from a surface. It is more subdued than shine. Silk and synthetics have luster than cellulosic fibers. In fact synthetics have high luster which is purposefully removed during spinning.

Crimp: Wool fiber is more or less wavy and has twists. This waviness is termed as crimp. Finer the wool more will be the crimps in it. Marino wool will have 30 crimps per inch while coarse wool has only one or two. This property of havingcrimps gives elasticity to the fiber..

Elongation and Elasticity: The amount of extension or stretch that a fiber accepts is referred to as elongation. Elongation at break is the amount of stretch a fiber can take before it breaks. Elasticity is the ability of stretched material to return immediately to its original size.

Resiliency: It refers to the ability of a fiber to come back to its original position after being creased or folded. Resilient fibers recover quickly from wrinkling or creasing. Good elastic recovery usually indicates good resiliency. This property is described qualitatively and ranges from excellent to poor. Excellent resiliency is exhibited by polyester, wool and nylon fibers. Flax, rayon and cotton, on the other hand, have a low resiliency.

Moisture regain: The ability of a dry fiber to absorb moisture from atmosphere is generally termed as moisture regain. Measurements are done under standard testing conditions (70°± 2F and 65% ±2% relative humidity). 

Chemical Properties:

Water Absorbency: Fibers are of two categories inherently as hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Hydrophobic fibers have no affinity towards water and hydrophilic fibers are of opposite character. Natural fibers are good in terms of absorbency than any kind of synthetics.

Resistance Power to Acid:  Cellulosic fibers are not resistant to Acid solution whereas synthetics have good resistance power.

Resistance Power to Alkali: Cellulosic fibers have fairly resistance power to alkali, especially in mild alkaline medium it does not get harmed but in strong alkaline medium fibers become affected. Synthetics have good resistance power in both mild and strong alkali.

Thermal Properties:

 Flammability: Burning characteristics of fiber groups vary from each other and can, thus be used as an authentic identification method. Reaction to flame can be further broken down into; behavior when approaching flame, when in flame and after being removed from flame.

Electrical conductivity(Static Electricity):  It is the ability of a fiber to transfer or carry electrical charges. Poor or low conductivity results in building up of static charges. This leads to the clinging of clothing and in extreme cases can produce electrical shocks, which produce crackling sound or even a tiny spark. Acrylic is a poor conductor of electricity.  Water is an excellent conductor of electricity and fibers with high moisture regains will never face the problem of static build-up.

Abrasion: The wearing away of a material by rubbing against another surface is called abrasion. 

Other thermal characteristics of fibers are important in their use and care like washing, drying and ironing are selected on the basis of a fiber’s ability to withstand heat.
Advertisements

Regenerated fibres are those made from natural fiber polymer, for example wood pulp or cotton linters. These raw materials are reformed to produce fibers or filaments suitable to spin into yarns. The first commercial regenerated synthetic fiber was rayon, also known as ‘artificial silk’, and was made from modified cellulose and wood pulp, later known as viscose rayon
Rayon was the first manufactured fiber, made into filaments through wet spinning. These are called regenerated cellulose fiber and the cellulose material used to produce these fibers are -Wood pulp, Cotton linters, Seed Hair, Bast, Leaf, Grasses and Bamboo pulp. Rayon fiber is classified into three types- Viscose rayon, Acetate rayon and Cuprammonium Rayon. These regenerated fibers are produced by dissolving cellulose chemically into solution and passed these concentrated viscous solution through spinneret. 

Viscose Rayon

Viscose was discovered by Cross and Bevan in 1892 during a programme of research on the general properties of cellulose. It is the sodium salt of cellulose Xanthate (Cell-O-C-SNa).It is may be manufactured from cotton linters but the usual starting point is wood pulp. The unrefined wood chips are purified by treatment first with calcium bi-sulphite and then by boiling with steam under pressure for about 14 hours.




Features of Viscose Fiber
  • It is a semi-synthetic or regenerated cellulose fiber
  • It is the first manufactured fiber.
  • It has a serrated round shape with smooth surface.
  • When it wets, losses it's strength up to 50%.
  • It is also known as artificial silk.

Acetate Rayon

The secondary cellulose acetate rayon cotton linters, waste cotton or high-grade wood pulp is purified by boiling with alkali followed hypochlorite bleaching. After purification the cellulose is dried and mixed with acetic an-hydride and glacial acetic acid together with about 1% of sulphuric acid.






Features of Acetate Fiber
  • It has luxurious feel and appearance.
  • It has a strength of 1.4 kg per denier which falls to 0.9 when wet.
  • First time this material is used as a protective coat for fabric wings of aeroplanes.
  • Excellent drape ability and softness
  • Shrink, moth and mildew resistant.

Cuprammonium Rayon

Cuprammonium rayon is made from scoured and bleached cotton linters or purified wood pulp with a high alpha cellulose content. The cellulose id washed and then pressed until it contains about 50 percent of water.





Features of Cuprammonium Fiber
  • It is not unlike natural silk when examined under the microscope.
  • Fibers are finer than other rayon's.
  • This products have a particularly pleasing soft -like handle.
  • Due to more amorphous region at the structure it undergoes degradation with greater range than natural cellulose
Other Regenerated Fibers that are under processing to get commercial Success
  • Algin ALG
  • Cupro CUP
  • Rubber ED
  • Lyocell CLY
  • Modal CMD
  • Triacetate CTA
  • Viscose CV

Regenerated/Semi-Synthetic Textile Fiber | Man-made Cellulose Fiber

Advertisements
Regenerated fibres are those made from natural fiber polymer, for example wood pulp or cotton linters. These raw materials are reformed to produce fibers or filaments suitable to spin into yarns. The first commercial regenerated synthetic fiber was rayon, also known as ‘artificial silk’, and was made from modified cellulose and wood pulp, later known as viscose rayon
Rayon was the first manufactured fiber, made into filaments through wet spinning. These are called regenerated cellulose fiber and the cellulose material used to produce these fibers are -Wood pulp, Cotton linters, Seed Hair, Bast, Leaf, Grasses and Bamboo pulp. Rayon fiber is classified into three types- Viscose rayon, Acetate rayon and Cuprammonium Rayon. These regenerated fibers are produced by dissolving cellulose chemically into solution and passed these concentrated viscous solution through spinneret. 

Viscose Rayon

Viscose was discovered by Cross and Bevan in 1892 during a programme of research on the general properties of cellulose. It is the sodium salt of cellulose Xanthate (Cell-O-C-SNa).It is may be manufactured from cotton linters but the usual starting point is wood pulp. The unrefined wood chips are purified by treatment first with calcium bi-sulphite and then by boiling with steam under pressure for about 14 hours.




Features of Viscose Fiber
  • It is a semi-synthetic or regenerated cellulose fiber
  • It is the first manufactured fiber.
  • It has a serrated round shape with smooth surface.
  • When it wets, losses it's strength up to 50%.
  • It is also known as artificial silk.

Acetate Rayon

The secondary cellulose acetate rayon cotton linters, waste cotton or high-grade wood pulp is purified by boiling with alkali followed hypochlorite bleaching. After purification the cellulose is dried and mixed with acetic an-hydride and glacial acetic acid together with about 1% of sulphuric acid.






Features of Acetate Fiber
  • It has luxurious feel and appearance.
  • It has a strength of 1.4 kg per denier which falls to 0.9 when wet.
  • First time this material is used as a protective coat for fabric wings of aeroplanes.
  • Excellent drape ability and softness
  • Shrink, moth and mildew resistant.

Cuprammonium Rayon

Cuprammonium rayon is made from scoured and bleached cotton linters or purified wood pulp with a high alpha cellulose content. The cellulose id washed and then pressed until it contains about 50 percent of water.





Features of Cuprammonium Fiber
  • It is not unlike natural silk when examined under the microscope.
  • Fibers are finer than other rayon's.
  • This products have a particularly pleasing soft -like handle.
  • Due to more amorphous region at the structure it undergoes degradation with greater range than natural cellulose
Other Regenerated Fibers that are under processing to get commercial Success
  • Algin ALG
  • Cupro CUP
  • Rubber ED
  • Lyocell CLY
  • Modal CMD
  • Triacetate CTA
  • Viscose CV
Advertisements

Sometimes we need some abbreviations for textile and clothing. Today I am sharing some important and effective terms elaboration.

AATCC - American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
AAQC - American Association of Quality Control
BSTI - Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution
ISO - International Organization for Standadization
BS - British Standard
AQL - Acceptable Quality Level
BCIRA - British Cotton Industries Research Association
GSP - Generalized System of Preferences
ILO -  International Labor Organization
BGWUC - Bangladesh Garments Worker Unit Council
ITET - Institute of Textile Engineers and Technologist
HVI - High Volume Instrument
AFIS - Advanced Fiber Information System
WIRA - Wool International Research Association
CAD - Computer Aided Design
CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing
BCA - Bangladesh Cotton Association
ICA - International Cotton Association
PTEA - Pakistan Textile Exporter Association
BGMEA - Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers & Exporters Association
BKMEA - Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association
FBCCI - Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry
BJMC - Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation
BTMC - Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation
GPT -  Garments Performance/Package Test
FPT - Fabric Performance/Package Test
APTMA - All Pakistan Textile Mills Association
CFIB - China Fiber Inspection Bureau
ICAC - International Cotton Advisory Committee
SITC - Standardized Instrument for Testing Cotton
CDA - Cotton Development Administration
SITRA - South India Textile Research Association
EPB - Export Promotion Bureau
NSA - No Seam Allowance
CC - Color Combination
CIF - Cost, Insurance & Freight
CNF - Clearing & Forwarding
FOB - Free On Board
CFR - Cost and Freight
EXW - Ex Works
FCA - Free Carrier
FAS - Free Alongside Ship
CPT - Carriage Paid To
CIP - Carriage, Insurance Paid
DAP - Delivered At Place
GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
LDC - Least Development CountryL
L/C - Letter of Credit
BTB L/C - Back to Back L/C

Important Abbreviations for Textile and Garments Technology

Advertisements
Sometimes we need some abbreviations for textile and clothing. Today I am sharing some important and effective terms elaboration.

AATCC - American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
AAQC - American Association of Quality Control
BSTI - Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution
ISO - International Organization for Standadization
BS - British Standard
AQL - Acceptable Quality Level
BCIRA - British Cotton Industries Research Association
GSP - Generalized System of Preferences
ILO -  International Labor Organization
BGWUC - Bangladesh Garments Worker Unit Council
ITET - Institute of Textile Engineers and Technologist
HVI - High Volume Instrument
AFIS - Advanced Fiber Information System
WIRA - Wool International Research Association
CAD - Computer Aided Design
CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing
BCA - Bangladesh Cotton Association
ICA - International Cotton Association
PTEA - Pakistan Textile Exporter Association
BGMEA - Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers & Exporters Association
BKMEA - Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association
FBCCI - Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry
BJMC - Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation
BTMC - Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation
GPT -  Garments Performance/Package Test
FPT - Fabric Performance/Package Test
APTMA - All Pakistan Textile Mills Association
CFIB - China Fiber Inspection Bureau
ICAC - International Cotton Advisory Committee
SITC - Standardized Instrument for Testing Cotton
CDA - Cotton Development Administration
SITRA - South India Textile Research Association
EPB - Export Promotion Bureau
NSA - No Seam Allowance
CC - Color Combination
CIF - Cost, Insurance & Freight
CNF - Clearing & Forwarding
FOB - Free On Board
CFR - Cost and Freight
EXW - Ex Works
FCA - Free Carrier
FAS - Free Alongside Ship
CPT - Carriage Paid To
CIP - Carriage, Insurance Paid
DAP - Delivered At Place
GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
LDC - Least Development CountryL
L/C - Letter of Credit
BTB L/C - Back to Back L/C

Advertisements

Characteristics of Wool Fiber:

http://textilerawmaterial.blogspot.com/1. Wool is the natural protein fiber obtained from sheep where cashmere from goats, mohair from goats, angora from rabbits and other wool from camels.
2. It is very fine, soft and highly elastic fiber which contains up to 70 percent unnecessary material other than protein or fiber portion.
3.It is structurally very complex fiber and composed essentially of three tissues, the cuticle, the cortex and the medulla.
4. Usually its length is 1 to 14 inch and comparatively has low strength than other natural textile fibers.
5. Scaling and crimp of wool fiber makes it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other.
6. Due to crimp, wool fabrics have a greater bulk than other other textiles, and retain air which causes the product to retain heat, thus it is suitable for making warm cloth as well.
7. Crimp of wool fiber as like as the fineness of the fiber such as merino(fine wool) have up to 100 crimps and Karakul(coarse wool) may have as few as 1 to 2 crimps.
8. This fibers are hydrophilic it means theyr eadily absorb moisture but are not hollow, standard Moisture Regain of wool is 15 percent.
9. Wool is normally a creamy white fiber, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes.
10. Wool fibers are affected by fire at higher temperature than cotton as well as many manufactured fibers.


Quality of Wool Fiber:

Quality of wool fiber depends on fiber diameter, crimp, productivity, color and staple length. For better price fiber fineness is single most important characteristic. According to the grading of wool, merino wool is typically 3-5 inches in length and is super fine as its diameter is between 12 to 24 microns. The most valuable and finest wool comes from Merino Hoiggets. Other sheep wools which are collected from meat producing sheep are typically more coarse and have a short staple length.


Uses:

1. Wool is very fine, soft fiber as it is used about 60 percent in the apparel industry. In addition to apparel manufacturing, it is being used for blanks, rugs, carpets, felt, insulating material and domestic purpose.

2. Wool fiber is typically used to cover apparel diapers.

3. Wool fibers are externally hydrophobic and internally hygroscopic in nature, thus it can be used to cover a wet diaper while inhibiting working as a result outer clothes remain dry.

4. It is used to make underwear because it more readily absorbs the moisture that prevents heat and sweat rashes.

5. The most finest merino wool is used to produce infant wear as well.a

Wool Fiber Features and Applications

Advertisements
Characteristics of Wool Fiber:

http://textilerawmaterial.blogspot.com/1. Wool is the natural protein fiber obtained from sheep where cashmere from goats, mohair from goats, angora from rabbits and other wool from camels.
2. It is very fine, soft and highly elastic fiber which contains up to 70 percent unnecessary material other than protein or fiber portion.
3.It is structurally very complex fiber and composed essentially of three tissues, the cuticle, the cortex and the medulla.
4. Usually its length is 1 to 14 inch and comparatively has low strength than other natural textile fibers.
5. Scaling and crimp of wool fiber makes it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other.
6. Due to crimp, wool fabrics have a greater bulk than other other textiles, and retain air which causes the product to retain heat, thus it is suitable for making warm cloth as well.
7. Crimp of wool fiber as like as the fineness of the fiber such as merino(fine wool) have up to 100 crimps and Karakul(coarse wool) may have as few as 1 to 2 crimps.
8. This fibers are hydrophilic it means theyr eadily absorb moisture but are not hollow, standard Moisture Regain of wool is 15 percent.
9. Wool is normally a creamy white fiber, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes.
10. Wool fibers are affected by fire at higher temperature than cotton as well as many manufactured fibers.


Quality of Wool Fiber:

Quality of wool fiber depends on fiber diameter, crimp, productivity, color and staple length. For better price fiber fineness is single most important characteristic. According to the grading of wool, merino wool is typically 3-5 inches in length and is super fine as its diameter is between 12 to 24 microns. The most valuable and finest wool comes from Merino Hoiggets. Other sheep wools which are collected from meat producing sheep are typically more coarse and have a short staple length.


Uses:

1. Wool is very fine, soft fiber as it is used about 60 percent in the apparel industry. In addition to apparel manufacturing, it is being used for blanks, rugs, carpets, felt, insulating material and domestic purpose.

2. Wool fiber is typically used to cover apparel diapers.

3. Wool fibers are externally hydrophobic and internally hygroscopic in nature, thus it can be used to cover a wet diaper while inhibiting working as a result outer clothes remain dry.

4. It is used to make underwear because it more readily absorbs the moisture that prevents heat and sweat rashes.

5. The most finest merino wool is used to produce infant wear as well.a
Advertisements

Wool is a animal fiber of outstanding importance. It is a protein fiber collecting from fur of sheep. This protein fiber consists of C, H, O, N, S etc. Wool is very fine, elastic fiber. Hair of some animals fibers can be considered as textile fiber but wool has special features which distinguish it from other hairs but which renders it supremely valuable as a textile fiber.  These differences are of a physical nature and the basic tissues and chemical structure of all animal hairs, including wool, are similar. 
http://textilerawmaterial.blogspot.com/
The wool fiber is complex in structure and composed essentially of three tissues, the cuticle, the cortex and the medulla. Each of these, however is further subdivided by tissue differentiation. A purely diagrammatic illustration of the structure of a non-medullate fiber has shown in image.



The epi-cuticle and exo-cuticles of wool contain a high proportion of sulpher with many cystine cross linkages giving them a high measure of resistance to biological and chemical attack. The endo-cuticle of the other hand is somewhat less resistant. There are inter-cellular membranes which act as a concent holding the cuticle to the adjacent tissues. It is seen from the structural image that the cortical cells are composed of macro-fibrils, each of which contain a number of micro-fibrils lying parallel with each other.

Chemical Composition of Wool:


Component
Percentage
Keratin
33%
Dirt
26%
Suint
28%
Fat
12%
Mineral Matters
1%
Total
100%


Wool is protein fiber thus it contain keratin as a protein. This fiber contains unnecessary substances up to 70 percent in its chemical constituents. The protein substances of wool keratin composed of the C, H, O, N, S with the following percentage.

Composition of Keratin:


Component
Percentage
Carbon
50%
Hydrogen
12%
Oxygen
10%


Nitrogen
25%
Sulpher
3%
Total
100%

Wool Fiber - Chemical Composition of Wool

Advertisements
Wool is a animal fiber of outstanding importance. It is a protein fiber collecting from fur of sheep. This protein fiber consists of C, H, O, N, S etc. Wool is very fine, elastic fiber. Hair of some animals fibers can be considered as textile fiber but wool has special features which distinguish it from other hairs but which renders it supremely valuable as a textile fiber.  These differences are of a physical nature and the basic tissues and chemical structure of all animal hairs, including wool, are similar. 
http://textilerawmaterial.blogspot.com/
The wool fiber is complex in structure and composed essentially of three tissues, the cuticle, the cortex and the medulla. Each of these, however is further subdivided by tissue differentiation. A purely diagrammatic illustration of the structure of a non-medullate fiber has shown in image.



The epi-cuticle and exo-cuticles of wool contain a high proportion of sulpher with many cystine cross linkages giving them a high measure of resistance to biological and chemical attack. The endo-cuticle of the other hand is somewhat less resistant. There are inter-cellular membranes which act as a concent holding the cuticle to the adjacent tissues. It is seen from the structural image that the cortical cells are composed of macro-fibrils, each of which contain a number of micro-fibrils lying parallel with each other.

Chemical Composition of Wool:


Component
Percentage
Keratin
33%
Dirt
26%
Suint
28%
Fat
12%
Mineral Matters
1%
Total
100%


Wool is protein fiber thus it contain keratin as a protein. This fiber contains unnecessary substances up to 70 percent in its chemical constituents. The protein substances of wool keratin composed of the C, H, O, N, S with the following percentage.

Composition of Keratin:


Component
Percentage
Carbon
50%
Hydrogen
12%
Oxygen
10%


Nitrogen
25%
Sulpher
3%
Total
100%

Advertisements

http://textilerawmaterial.blogspot.com/Sisal Fibers are just about the most favored healthy fibers obtained by sisal plant. The particular plant, recognized as Agave sisalana. It is a hardy fiber usually extracted from the leaves of the sisal plant as well and naturally grows well at hot and dry climate. Sisal is a member of the agave family, which are hardy plants of arid regions of Central America, Mexico and South West USA. In the past, several species of Agave were used for fibre production, but now A. sisalana is the commercially grown species. Henequen (A. Fourcroydes) is another species of agave that produces fiber, but not of as high quality as A. sisalana.


Every single leaf of the sisal plant includes numerous extended fibers, which may be taken off in the procedure generally known as decortication. The particular fibers could be content spinner into the thread regarding twine in addition to fabric generation, or maybe pulped to produce paper items.

Sisal fibers are usually entirely biodegradable, environmentally friendly composites had been created having soy proteins resin revised having gelatin. Sisal fibers, revised soy proteins resins, in addition to composites had been known with regards to kinetic in addition to energy houses.


Properties of sisal fiber:

1.    Sisal fiber is a lustrous and creamy white fiber.
2.    It measures up to 1 meter in length and with a diameter of 200 to 400 microns.
3.    It is hard and coarse fiber, thus unusual for textile goods in addition to fabrication.
4.    It takes moisture easily and a stronger fiber that others.
5.    Sisal Fiber is extremely long lasting that has a low maintenance with limited usage.
6.    It is Recyclable.
7.    Sisal material is generally obtained from the particular outer leaf skin, eliminating the particular inside pulp.
8.    It is accessible to the weave plaid, herringbone in addition to twill.
9.    Sisal material is generally Anti static, isn't going to attract or lure dust
10.    Sisal Sisal Fiber is extremely long lasting that has a low maintenance with minimal usage.
11.    It is Recyclable.
12.    Sisal material is generally obtained from the particular outer leaf skin color, eliminating the particular inside pulp.
13.    It is accessible to the weave as plaid, herringbone in addition to twill.
14.    Sisal has a fine surface texture thus it is applicable to many common dyestuffs as well.
15.    Sisal exhibits beneficial sound in addition to cushioning properties.
.

Usual Chemical Constituents of Sisal Fiber


Components
Percentage
Cotton
71%
Hemicellulose
18.5%
Lignin
6%
Pectin
2.3%
Fat and Waxes
0.5%
Water Soluble Matter
1.7%

 Total                                                100%



Common Application of Sisal Fiber:


1.    Sisal fiber is a more durable, strengthening, ability to stretch, great attractions towards certain dyestuffs and resistance to deterioration in salt water so it is as used for Agriculture twine as well as a rope (Coil like a roll or braid) .


2.    Sisal is known for the great durability of its yarns, although slight matting of sisal carpeting may occur in high traffic areas.

3.    Sisal does not build up static and does not trap dust, so vacuuming is the only maintenance required.

4.    It is also used in low-cost and specialty paper, dart boards, buffing cloth, filters, Geotextiles, mattresses, carpets, handicrafts, wire rope cores, and Macramé.

5.    Other products developed from sisal fiber include spa products, cat scratching posts, lumbar support belts, rugs, slippers, clothes, and disc buffers.

6.    Sisal wall covering meets the abrasion and tearing resistance standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials and of the National Fire Protection Association.

7.    In recent years sisal has been utilized as a strengthening agent to replace asbestos and glass fiber and is increasingly a component used in the automobile industry, where its strength, "naturalness" and environmentally friendly characteristics are greatly appreciated.

8.    It is also used as a binding material for plaster molding as well as in the construction industry to reinforce plaster in ceilings and walls.

9.    It is used as reinforcement in plastic composite materials, particularly in automotive components, but also in furniture.

10.    Another promising use is as a substitute for asbestos in brake pads. (It is also the best material for making dartboards.)

11.    By-products from sisal extraction can be used for making bio-gas, pharmaceutical ingredients and building material.


(References- wikipedia.org, naturalfibres2009.org, wigglesworthfibres.com)

Sisal Fiber - A widely Used Vegetable Fiber (Properties and Uses)

Advertisements
http://textilerawmaterial.blogspot.com/Sisal Fibers are just about the most favored healthy fibers obtained by sisal plant. The particular plant, recognized as Agave sisalana. It is a hardy fiber usually extracted from the leaves of the sisal plant as well and naturally grows well at hot and dry climate. Sisal is a member of the agave family, which are hardy plants of arid regions of Central America, Mexico and South West USA. In the past, several species of Agave were used for fibre production, but now A. sisalana is the commercially grown species. Henequen (A. Fourcroydes) is another species of agave that produces fiber, but not of as high quality as A. sisalana.


Every single leaf of the sisal plant includes numerous extended fibers, which may be taken off in the procedure generally known as decortication. The particular fibers could be content spinner into the thread regarding twine in addition to fabric generation, or maybe pulped to produce paper items.

Sisal fibers are usually entirely biodegradable, environmentally friendly composites had been created having soy proteins resin revised having gelatin. Sisal fibers, revised soy proteins resins, in addition to composites had been known with regards to kinetic in addition to energy houses.


Properties of sisal fiber:

1.    Sisal fiber is a lustrous and creamy white fiber.
2.    It measures up to 1 meter in length and with a diameter of 200 to 400 microns.
3.    It is hard and coarse fiber, thus unusual for textile goods in addition to fabrication.
4.    It takes moisture easily and a stronger fiber that others.
5.    Sisal Fiber is extremely long lasting that has a low maintenance with limited usage.
6.    It is Recyclable.
7.    Sisal material is generally obtained from the particular outer leaf skin, eliminating the particular inside pulp.
8.    It is accessible to the weave plaid, herringbone in addition to twill.
9.    Sisal material is generally Anti static, isn't going to attract or lure dust
10.    Sisal Sisal Fiber is extremely long lasting that has a low maintenance with minimal usage.
11.    It is Recyclable.
12.    Sisal material is generally obtained from the particular outer leaf skin color, eliminating the particular inside pulp.
13.    It is accessible to the weave as plaid, herringbone in addition to twill.
14.    Sisal has a fine surface texture thus it is applicable to many common dyestuffs as well.
15.    Sisal exhibits beneficial sound in addition to cushioning properties.
.

Usual Chemical Constituents of Sisal Fiber


Components
Percentage
Cotton
71%
Hemicellulose
18.5%
Lignin
6%
Pectin
2.3%
Fat and Waxes
0.5%
Water Soluble Matter
1.7%

 Total                                                100%



Common Application of Sisal Fiber:


1.    Sisal fiber is a more durable, strengthening, ability to stretch, great attractions towards certain dyestuffs and resistance to deterioration in salt water so it is as used for Agriculture twine as well as a rope (Coil like a roll or braid) .


2.    Sisal is known for the great durability of its yarns, although slight matting of sisal carpeting may occur in high traffic areas.

3.    Sisal does not build up static and does not trap dust, so vacuuming is the only maintenance required.

4.    It is also used in low-cost and specialty paper, dart boards, buffing cloth, filters, Geotextiles, mattresses, carpets, handicrafts, wire rope cores, and Macramé.

5.    Other products developed from sisal fiber include spa products, cat scratching posts, lumbar support belts, rugs, slippers, clothes, and disc buffers.

6.    Sisal wall covering meets the abrasion and tearing resistance standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials and of the National Fire Protection Association.

7.    In recent years sisal has been utilized as a strengthening agent to replace asbestos and glass fiber and is increasingly a component used in the automobile industry, where its strength, "naturalness" and environmentally friendly characteristics are greatly appreciated.

8.    It is also used as a binding material for plaster molding as well as in the construction industry to reinforce plaster in ceilings and walls.

9.    It is used as reinforcement in plastic composite materials, particularly in automotive components, but also in furniture.

10.    Another promising use is as a substitute for asbestos in brake pads. (It is also the best material for making dartboards.)

11.    By-products from sisal extraction can be used for making bio-gas, pharmaceutical ingredients and building material.


(References- wikipedia.org, naturalfibres2009.org, wigglesworthfibres.com)
Advertisements

© 2013 Textile Aid . WP Theme-junkie converted by Bloggertheme9
Blogger templates. Proudly Powered by Blogger.
back to top