Flax/Linen fiber properties and application

Flax or linen is a multicellular, vegetable bast fiber like jute and hemp. Cellulose is the most part of its composition. 


Physical properties of Linen/Flax

Length: Flax fibers range up to 90 cm.

Diameter: This fiber has an average 12 to 16 micron diameter.

Strength: More than cotton fiber, 5.5 to 6.5 gm/denier.

Elastic Property: Elasticity is too much low. Extension before breaking 2.7 to 3.5%.

Moisture Regain: MR% of linen fiber is 10 to 12%

Abrasion Resistance: Moderate

Color: Yellowish to gray.

Luster: More than cotton fiber, slightly silky.

Heat Resistance: Better than cotton fiber.


Chemical Properties: Like cotton linen/flax fiber is a cellulose polymer, but the structure of it is more crystalline which makes it stronger, crisper and hard to handle and more easily wrinkled. They absorb and release water quickly, making linen comfortable to wear in hot weather. The resistance against concentrated acid is poor but dilute acid can not affect more. It works well though use strong alkali and the cold bleaching agent. It is not affected by mildew and insects as well. Dyeing properties of linen is not so good as cotton or jute, Direct or Vat colors are suitable to dye up this fiber.

Application

The most usual applications of linen/flax fiber

•     Table wear
•     Suiting
•     Clothing apparel
•     Surgical thread
•     Sewing thread
•     Decorative fabrics
•     Bed linen
•     Kitchen towels
•     High quality papers
•     Handkerchiefs
•     Draperies
•     Upholstery
•     Wall coverings
•     Artists canvases
•     Luggage fabrics
•     Panelling
•     Insulation, filtration
•     Light aviation use (fabrics)
•     Reinforced plastics and composites 

It burns without any smell thus it is used for cigarette covering.

Flax/Linen fiber properties and application

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Flax or linen is a multicellular, vegetable bast fiber like jute and hemp. Cellulose is the most part of its composition. 


Physical properties of Linen/Flax

Length: Flax fibers range up to 90 cm.

Diameter: This fiber has an average 12 to 16 micron diameter.

Strength: More than cotton fiber, 5.5 to 6.5 gm/denier.

Elastic Property: Elasticity is too much low. Extension before breaking 2.7 to 3.5%.

Moisture Regain: MR% of linen fiber is 10 to 12%

Abrasion Resistance: Moderate

Color: Yellowish to gray.

Luster: More than cotton fiber, slightly silky.

Heat Resistance: Better than cotton fiber.


Chemical Properties: Like cotton linen/flax fiber is a cellulose polymer, but the structure of it is more crystalline which makes it stronger, crisper and hard to handle and more easily wrinkled. They absorb and release water quickly, making linen comfortable to wear in hot weather. The resistance against concentrated acid is poor but dilute acid can not affect more. It works well though use strong alkali and the cold bleaching agent. It is not affected by mildew and insects as well. Dyeing properties of linen is not so good as cotton or jute, Direct or Vat colors are suitable to dye up this fiber.

Application

The most usual applications of linen/flax fiber

•     Table wear
•     Suiting
•     Clothing apparel
•     Surgical thread
•     Sewing thread
•     Decorative fabrics
•     Bed linen
•     Kitchen towels
•     High quality papers
•     Handkerchiefs
•     Draperies
•     Upholstery
•     Wall coverings
•     Artists canvases
•     Luggage fabrics
•     Panelling
•     Insulation, filtration
•     Light aviation use (fabrics)
•     Reinforced plastics and composites 

It burns without any smell thus it is used for cigarette covering.

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Hemp Fiber Properties, Chemical Constituents and Uses

Hemp is a natural bast fiber like jute, flax or ramie. This fiber is produced from the plant name Cannabis Sativa. It grows well in the south western part of Caspian Ocean. It is a long strong and most durable fiber among all the vegetable fibers. It contains about 70 percent cellulose in its structure and looks very shiny like linen or flax fiber. It has low amount of lignin, hemi-cellulose and other matters. Hemp is very finer fiber but more stronger as it is used to coarse fabric as well as canvas. Since hemp fiber shows similar properties like all the natural bast fibers as their length, strength, absorbency, durability, dyeing properties, mildew resistant, blocking ultraviolet light and anti-bacterial properties, thus it is used for producing various decorative textile products and blended with other fibers.

Chemical Constituents of Hemp

Component	percentage
Cellulose	71.5%
Hemi-cellulsoe	18.1%
Lignin	5.9%
Pectin	2.9%
Fat and Wax	0.9%
Water Soluble Matter	1.8%
Total	100%

Physical Properties

Length: It is 4 to 6.5 feet long.

Strength: Too strong, usually after ramie it is most stronger fiber among all natural fibers.

Elasticity: Not so good. Lesser than flax fiber.

Color: It looks yellowish to deep brown.

Moisture Regain: MR% of hemp fiber is 12, which is more than cotton or flax fiber but lesser than jute.

Heat Resistance: Heat Resistance of hemp is moderate.

Luster: Soft and highly shiny fiber like linen.

Chemical properties

Hemp fiber contains about 70% cellulose, thus it has great affinity towards dyes and chemicals. It has excellent mildew resistant and blocking to ultraviolet light as well as natural anti-bacterial properties. It destroys when treated with strong acid but have good activity and resistant against strong alkali. It should  dye up at bleach free way as it is greatly affected by beaching agent. (Reference: book Textile Fiber and  web textilefashionstudy)

End Uses:

Hemp has been used to make coarse fabric as well as canvas as it is very strong fiber. It has been used for ages to produce rope, canvas along with paper like matter. Prolonged hemp muscles is usually content spun along with weaved to generate highly detailed, linen-like fabric employed in clothing, home furnishing fabrics along with floor coverings.

In China, hemp is usually de-gummed for processing on flax or cotton machinery. Blending with cotton, linen, silk and wool gives hemp a softer feel, while adding resistance and durability to the product.

In Europe, hemp fibers are used mainly in the specific paper market - on account of reduce lignin content material, it may be pulped employing a lot fewer chemical substances in comparison with wood.

Hemp fibers are also used to reinforce moulded thermoplastics in the automobile industry. The short core fibers go into insulation products, fiber board and erosion control mats, while the fibrous core can be blended with lime to make strong, lightweight concrete. (Reference : naturalfibres2009)

Hemp Fiber Properties, Chemical Constituents and Uses

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Hemp is a natural bast fiber like jute, flax or ramie. This fiber is produced from the plant name Cannabis Sativa. It grows well in the south western part of Caspian Ocean. It is a long strong and most durable fiber among all the vegetable fibers. It contains about 70 percent cellulose in its structure and looks very shiny like linen or flax fiber. It has low amount of lignin, hemi-cellulose and other matters. Hemp is very finer fiber but more stronger as it is used to coarse fabric as well as canvas. Since hemp fiber shows similar properties like all the natural bast fibers as their length, strength, absorbency, durability, dyeing properties, mildew resistant, blocking ultraviolet light and anti-bacterial properties, thus it is used for producing various decorative textile products and blended with other fibers.

Chemical Constituents of Hemp

Component	percentage
Cellulose	71.5%
Hemi-cellulsoe	18.1%
Lignin	5.9%
Pectin	2.9%
Fat and Wax	0.9%
Water Soluble Matter	1.8%
Total	100%

Physical Properties

Length: It is 4 to 6.5 feet long.

Strength: Too strong, usually after ramie it is most stronger fiber among all natural fibers.

Elasticity: Not so good. Lesser than flax fiber.

Color: It looks yellowish to deep brown.

Moisture Regain: MR% of hemp fiber is 12, which is more than cotton or flax fiber but lesser than jute.

Heat Resistance: Heat Resistance of hemp is moderate.

Luster: Soft and highly shiny fiber like linen.

Chemical properties

Hemp fiber contains about 70% cellulose, thus it has great affinity towards dyes and chemicals. It has excellent mildew resistant and blocking to ultraviolet light as well as natural anti-bacterial properties. It destroys when treated with strong acid but have good activity and resistant against strong alkali. It should  dye up at bleach free way as it is greatly affected by beaching agent. (Reference: book Textile Fiber and  web textilefashionstudy)

End Uses:

Hemp has been used to make coarse fabric as well as canvas as it is very strong fiber. It has been used for ages to produce rope, canvas along with paper like matter. Prolonged hemp muscles is usually content spun along with weaved to generate highly detailed, linen-like fabric employed in clothing, home furnishing fabrics along with floor coverings.

In China, hemp is usually de-gummed for processing on flax or cotton machinery. Blending with cotton, linen, silk and wool gives hemp a softer feel, while adding resistance and durability to the product.

In Europe, hemp fibers are used mainly in the specific paper market - on account of reduce lignin content material, it may be pulped employing a lot fewer chemical substances in comparison with wood.

Hemp fibers are also used to reinforce moulded thermoplastics in the automobile industry. The short core fibers go into insulation products, fiber board and erosion control mats, while the fibrous core can be blended with lime to make strong, lightweight concrete. (Reference : naturalfibres2009)

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What is a fibril?

Fibril is a fine fiber approximately 1 nm in diameter, bundles of which may constitute a fiber. Any one of several threadlike fibers or maybe filaments which are major component areas of a cell or larger structure. Cellulose fibrils are the principal part of cell walls in plants

According to wikipedia - Fibril is a fine fiber, such as myofibril or neurofibril. Neurofilaments are about 10 nm in diameter.
Cytoplasmic fibrils are observed on the protoplasmic cylinders found in most spirochetal species, although no function of the cytoplasmic fibrils has been ascribed.

What is a fibril?

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Fibril is a fine fiber approximately 1 nm in diameter, bundles of which may constitute a fiber. Any one of several threadlike fibers or maybe filaments which are major component areas of a cell or larger structure. Cellulose fibrils are the principal part of cell walls in plants

According to wikipedia - Fibril is a fine fiber, such as myofibril or neurofibril. Neurofilaments are about 10 nm in diameter.
Cytoplasmic fibrils are observed on the protoplasmic cylinders found in most spirochetal species, although no function of the cytoplasmic fibrils has been ascribed.

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Jute Fiber | Long Staple Vgetable Fiber | Jute Fiber Classification, Characteristics and Uses

Jute Fiber: Jute fibers are obtained from the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceae. There are two species of the order cultivated for the sake of their fibers, name Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorious, both of which are found growing naturally throughout the tropics.

Jute is a prolonged, delicate, golden shiny as well as soft vegetable fiber. It is used to spin into coarse thread which are applicable to produce burlap, hessian as well as gunny material. It is one of the most affordable organic natural fiber and it is subsequent merely to silk or cotton in volume produced as well as number of employs associated with this fiber. Jute fiber is comprised of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin, where percentage of cellulose is more but compare to cotton it is little bit lower. Jute is a bast fiber as it is compiled through bast as well as skin tone on the plant. Jute fibers are off-white to brown and golden in color. Once most of the world's supply of jute came from Bangladesh where it was cultivated in the alluvial soils of the the delta regions of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Bangladesh cultivated world's best jute and made jute products as well and earned more foreign currency by exporting them. As it  was prime exporting product to earn foreign money in Bangladesh, so it was as named as Golden Fiber of Bangladesh.

Chemical Constituents of Jute:

Components	Percentage
Cellulose	64%
Hemi-Cellulose	22%
Lignin	13.5%
Ash and others	0.6%
Composition of Lipids	0.4%

Classifications of Jute: 

Jute is mainly classified into two types.

1. White Jute

2.Tossa Jute

According to geographical distribution as outlined by Bangladesh and spinning execution, Jute may be classified into the followings-

1. Jat Jute
2. District Jute
3. Northern Jute

1. Jat Jute:

Jat would be the best excellent jute together with corporation
It has beneficial color and duration
It's got beneficial hold on their owners

This type of jute fiber develops inside the area connected with Mymensingh, Dhaka and Comilla.

2. District Jute:
District jute is usually all-around jat with excellent.

Your fiber is not consistent with textures and strands
The colour differs from light-weight ream to be able to boring gray
The duration is usually smaller.

It can befound a couple of sorts of District jute. That they are-

• Hard district Jute
• Smooth or soft district Jute

Hard District Jute:
Hard is better in quality in comparison with soft. That primarily develops inside the area connected with Faridpur

Soft District Jute:
This type of jute develops with area connected with Noakhali, Pabna, Barisal, Jessor, Khulna, Sylhet, Reduced Comilla, Chittagong and some section of Dhaka.

3.Northern Jute:
Northern jute is usually connected with relatively poor excellent.
This type of  fiber is usually dull-colored
It has medium length and  it is vulnerable.

This type of jute develops with District connected with Rangpur, Dinajpur, Bogra and Rajshahi.

Characteristics of Jute Fiber: 

1. Jute fiber is hundred percent bio-degradable along with recyclable and so environmentally friendly.

2. It features lower pesticide along with fertilizer requirements.

3. It is a natural vegetable fiber having golden and silky shine so because of this named The Golden Fiber.

4. It's the most cheap vegetable fiber acquired in the bast as well as pores and skin with the plant's base.

5. It's the 2nd most important vegetable fiber right after 100 % cotton, with regards to the utilization, worldwide use, manufacturing, along with accessibility.

6. It has substantial tensile strength, lower extensibility, along with assuring superior breath ability involving fabric. Thus, jute is quite acceptable within farming commodity. 

7. It can help to make quality industrial yarn, cloth, net, along with sacks. This is probably the most functional healthy fibers that's been utilized in recycleables pertaining to appearance, fabrics, non-textile, building, along with farming significant.  

8. The most effective way to obtain jute on this planet is the Bengal Delta Ordinary inside Ganges Delta, most of which is active by means of Bangladesh. 

9.Features of jute contain excellent insulation along with antistatic attributes, in addition to obtaining lower arctic conductivity as well as a good moisture regain. Additional aspects of jute contain traditional insulation attributes along with produce without the need of pores and skin pain

Defects in Jute Fiber:

Rooty Jute: with these kinds of jute the low areas of jute that will fire incorporate barks.

Specky jute: This specific problem occurs as a result of inadequate cleanup which causes this surface barks to help adhere in some places

Croppy Jute: This is a problem the place that the top end with the nutritional fiber becomes hard in addition to tricky. Most commonly it is brought on by dangerous steeping.

Knotty jute: This jute muscle incorporates knots with sites in fact it is brought on by insect pest chew as well as punctures.

Dead Fiber: As a result of long time storage with dumped situation, this nutritional fiber gets unexciting shade power in addition to getting lower strength.

Runners: This is a problem exactly happen due to over rotting and unconscious washing. This may cause problem to separate the individual fiber.

Hunka: This problem appears on by non-removal regarding dried out bottom in addition to tricky will bark through the muscle.

Mossy jute: Muscle from short plants which cannot be appropriately removed in addition to washed incorporate shattered part of jute sticks etc.

Heart destruction: Duration of baling the amount of excess moisture into the bales may cause this type of problem. The center with the bale gets poorly tendered and diminished the fibers as well.

Physical Properties:

Length: Jute fibers are very long natural fiber, ranging between 150 cm to 300 cm.The individual fibrils are from 1.5 to 4 mm in length.

Tenacity/Strength: Strength of jute fiber is lower than that of cotton or other natural fiber. It has a moderate tenacity that is 5 to 8 gm/denier.

Density: Density of jute fiber is 1.4 to 1.5 gm/cc

Elastic property: Elasticity of this fiber is very low. Extension before breaking of it is 2 percent.

Moisture Regain: It has a moderate moisture regain percentage. It is 13.75 as standard.

Color: Color of jute fiber depends on geographic area, maturity, rotting, and proper washing. Yellowish, Yellow, Golden and Brown as well creamy white colors are seen frequently.

Abrasion Resistance: Abrasion resistance power of jute is not so good.

Chemical properties: Chemically, jute differs from the other multicellular fibers in containing a considerable proportion of lignin, which usually accompanies cellulose in woody tissues. Lignin stains yellow with an aqueous solution of aniline sulphate and hydrochloric acid.

Jute is difficult to bleach, since it suffers degradation when treated with chlorine, especially in alkaline in solutions. It has excellent mildew resistance power in comparison with cotton or other natural fiber.

Jute differs from other natural fibers in having a moderately good affinity for basic dyes.

End Uses:

• Jute is the most important natural fiber after cotton. It is very affordable to make cloths, sacks, carpets, bags, ropes, yarn and coasters.
   
• Cloth that are made from jute can use to wrapping cotton bales as well as any construction protector.
   
• It is also used to bedding foundation, boot and show linings and tailors back packing.
   
• Camp beds, tarpaulins, cables, filter cloths, fuse yarns and hand bags as well all types of stiff bags are made from jute.
   
• Jute is actually on a regular basis used in the actual production regarding clothing, specially sweaters in addition to under garments. Its soft fabric nature is known to be very comfortable to the person wearing it and therefore, reputation intended for jute clothing provides more than doubled throughout the last few years
   
• Hessian, light compared to sacking is utilized for bag and baggage, wrappers, wall-coverings, upholstery, in addition to home furnishings.
  Sacking, a new textile crafted from hefty jute fibers, has its easy use in the label.
   
• Typically jute has been found in conventional fabric machineries while fabric materials getting cellulose (vegetable fibers content) as well as lignin (wood fibers content). However, this main development came up when the automobile, pulp as well as paper, and also the furnishings as well as bedding companies began to use jute and allied materials with their non-woven, technical textiles as well as composites.
   
• The versatile use of jute fiber makes diversified products are becoming more and more valuable to the consumer today. Among these are espadrilles, soft sweaters and cardigans, floor coverings, home textiles, high performance technical textiles, Geotextiles, composites, and more.
• The sticks gather after taking fiber is used as local fuel material for cooking purpose.

Jute Fiber | Long Staple Vgetable Fiber | Jute Fiber Classification, Characteristics and Uses

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Jute Fiber: Jute fibers are obtained from the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceae. There are two species of the order cultivated for the sake of their fibers, name Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorious, both of which are found growing naturally throughout the tropics.

Jute is a prolonged, delicate, golden shiny as well as soft vegetable fiber. It is used to spin into coarse thread which are applicable to produce burlap, hessian as well as gunny material. It is one of the most affordable organic natural fiber and it is subsequent merely to silk or cotton in volume produced as well as number of employs associated with this fiber. Jute fiber is comprised of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin, where percentage of cellulose is more but compare to cotton it is little bit lower. Jute is a bast fiber as it is compiled through bast as well as skin tone on the plant. Jute fibers are off-white to brown and golden in color. Once most of the world's supply of jute came from Bangladesh where it was cultivated in the alluvial soils of the the delta regions of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Bangladesh cultivated world's best jute and made jute products as well and earned more foreign currency by exporting them. As it  was prime exporting product to earn foreign money in Bangladesh, so it was as named as Golden Fiber of Bangladesh.

Chemical Constituents of Jute:

Components	Percentage
Cellulose	64%
Hemi-Cellulose	22%
Lignin	13.5%
Ash and others	0.6%
Composition of Lipids	0.4%

Classifications of Jute: 

Jute is mainly classified into two types.

1. White Jute

2.Tossa Jute

According to geographical distribution as outlined by Bangladesh and spinning execution, Jute may be classified into the followings-

1. Jat Jute
2. District Jute
3. Northern Jute

1. Jat Jute:

Jat would be the best excellent jute together with corporation
It has beneficial color and duration
It's got beneficial hold on their owners

This type of jute fiber develops inside the area connected with Mymensingh, Dhaka and Comilla.

2. District Jute:
District jute is usually all-around jat with excellent.

Your fiber is not consistent with textures and strands
The colour differs from light-weight ream to be able to boring gray
The duration is usually smaller.

It can befound a couple of sorts of District jute. That they are-

• Hard district Jute
• Smooth or soft district Jute

Hard District Jute:
Hard is better in quality in comparison with soft. That primarily develops inside the area connected with Faridpur

Soft District Jute:
This type of jute develops with area connected with Noakhali, Pabna, Barisal, Jessor, Khulna, Sylhet, Reduced Comilla, Chittagong and some section of Dhaka.

3.Northern Jute:
Northern jute is usually connected with relatively poor excellent.
This type of  fiber is usually dull-colored
It has medium length and  it is vulnerable.

This type of jute develops with District connected with Rangpur, Dinajpur, Bogra and Rajshahi.

Characteristics of Jute Fiber: 

1. Jute fiber is hundred percent bio-degradable along with recyclable and so environmentally friendly.

2. It features lower pesticide along with fertilizer requirements.

3. It is a natural vegetable fiber having golden and silky shine so because of this named The Golden Fiber.

4. It's the most cheap vegetable fiber acquired in the bast as well as pores and skin with the plant's base.

5. It's the 2nd most important vegetable fiber right after 100 % cotton, with regards to the utilization, worldwide use, manufacturing, along with accessibility.

6. It has substantial tensile strength, lower extensibility, along with assuring superior breath ability involving fabric. Thus, jute is quite acceptable within farming commodity. 

7. It can help to make quality industrial yarn, cloth, net, along with sacks. This is probably the most functional healthy fibers that's been utilized in recycleables pertaining to appearance, fabrics, non-textile, building, along with farming significant.  

8. The most effective way to obtain jute on this planet is the Bengal Delta Ordinary inside Ganges Delta, most of which is active by means of Bangladesh. 

9.Features of jute contain excellent insulation along with antistatic attributes, in addition to obtaining lower arctic conductivity as well as a good moisture regain. Additional aspects of jute contain traditional insulation attributes along with produce without the need of pores and skin pain

Defects in Jute Fiber:

Rooty Jute: with these kinds of jute the low areas of jute that will fire incorporate barks.

Specky jute: This specific problem occurs as a result of inadequate cleanup which causes this surface barks to help adhere in some places

Croppy Jute: This is a problem the place that the top end with the nutritional fiber becomes hard in addition to tricky. Most commonly it is brought on by dangerous steeping.

Knotty jute: This jute muscle incorporates knots with sites in fact it is brought on by insect pest chew as well as punctures.

Dead Fiber: As a result of long time storage with dumped situation, this nutritional fiber gets unexciting shade power in addition to getting lower strength.

Runners: This is a problem exactly happen due to over rotting and unconscious washing. This may cause problem to separate the individual fiber.

Hunka: This problem appears on by non-removal regarding dried out bottom in addition to tricky will bark through the muscle.

Mossy jute: Muscle from short plants which cannot be appropriately removed in addition to washed incorporate shattered part of jute sticks etc.

Heart destruction: Duration of baling the amount of excess moisture into the bales may cause this type of problem. The center with the bale gets poorly tendered and diminished the fibers as well.

Physical Properties:

Length: Jute fibers are very long natural fiber, ranging between 150 cm to 300 cm.The individual fibrils are from 1.5 to 4 mm in length.

Tenacity/Strength: Strength of jute fiber is lower than that of cotton or other natural fiber. It has a moderate tenacity that is 5 to 8 gm/denier.

Density: Density of jute fiber is 1.4 to 1.5 gm/cc

Elastic property: Elasticity of this fiber is very low. Extension before breaking of it is 2 percent.

Moisture Regain: It has a moderate moisture regain percentage. It is 13.75 as standard.

Color: Color of jute fiber depends on geographic area, maturity, rotting, and proper washing. Yellowish, Yellow, Golden and Brown as well creamy white colors are seen frequently.

Abrasion Resistance: Abrasion resistance power of jute is not so good.

Chemical properties: Chemically, jute differs from the other multicellular fibers in containing a considerable proportion of lignin, which usually accompanies cellulose in woody tissues. Lignin stains yellow with an aqueous solution of aniline sulphate and hydrochloric acid.

Jute is difficult to bleach, since it suffers degradation when treated with chlorine, especially in alkaline in solutions. It has excellent mildew resistance power in comparison with cotton or other natural fiber.

Jute differs from other natural fibers in having a moderately good affinity for basic dyes.

End Uses:

• Jute is the most important natural fiber after cotton. It is very affordable to make cloths, sacks, carpets, bags, ropes, yarn and coasters.
   
• Cloth that are made from jute can use to wrapping cotton bales as well as any construction protector.
   
• It is also used to bedding foundation, boot and show linings and tailors back packing.
   
• Camp beds, tarpaulins, cables, filter cloths, fuse yarns and hand bags as well all types of stiff bags are made from jute.
   
• Jute is actually on a regular basis used in the actual production regarding clothing, specially sweaters in addition to under garments. Its soft fabric nature is known to be very comfortable to the person wearing it and therefore, reputation intended for jute clothing provides more than doubled throughout the last few years
   
• Hessian, light compared to sacking is utilized for bag and baggage, wrappers, wall-coverings, upholstery, in addition to home furnishings.
  Sacking, a new textile crafted from hefty jute fibers, has its easy use in the label.
   
• Typically jute has been found in conventional fabric machineries while fabric materials getting cellulose (vegetable fibers content) as well as lignin (wood fibers content). However, this main development came up when the automobile, pulp as well as paper, and also the furnishings as well as bedding companies began to use jute and allied materials with their non-woven, technical textiles as well as composites.
   
• The versatile use of jute fiber makes diversified products are becoming more and more valuable to the consumer today. Among these are espadrilles, soft sweaters and cardigans, floor coverings, home textiles, high performance technical textiles, Geotextiles, composites, and more.
• The sticks gather after taking fiber is used as local fuel material for cooking purpose.

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Cotton Fiber | Cross section of Cotton | Properties of Cotton Fiber

Cotton is a natural cellulosic fiber with a soft handle. The raw cotton contains almost 85 to 90 percent cellulose in its composition. This fluffy staple fiber grows in a bowl or protective capsule. Cotton plants are under the genus Gossypium. In the present world the most important, widespread and inexpensive textile fiber is cotton, a strong, thin and hygroscopic fiber. It develops on the seeds of the cotton plant. Today it is the most used textile fiber in the world. Its current market share is 56 percent among all the textile fibers. It is used for apparel and home furnishing materials and another contribution is attributed to non-woven textiles and personal care items. Compare to other fibers, it is recognized as the most consumers prefer fiber.

Cross Sectional View of Cotton Fiber

Under a cross sectional view of cotton it is composed of concentric layers. Cotton has a distinct cuticle, well developed primary and secondary cell walls as well as a lumen. The cuticle layer on the fiber itself is separable from the fiber and consists of wax and pectin materials. The primary wall, the most peripheral layer of the fiber, is composed of cellulosic crystalline fibrils. The secondary wall of the fiber consists of three distinct layers. All three layers of the secondary wall include closely packed parallel fibrils with spiral winding of 25-35o and represent the majority of cellulose within the fiber. The innermost part of a cotton fiber, the lumen- is composed of the remains of the cell contents.

Chemical Composition of Cotton

Component	Percentage
Cellulose	85.5%
Water/Moisture	8%
Protein	1.3%
Hemicelluloses & Pectin	1.2%
Waxes and fats	0.6%
Ash	1.2%
Pigments and Others	1.4%
Total	About 100%

Chemical structure and repeating unit:

After removing all the impurities and natural color material from cotton, it contains 99% cellulose. Cellulose is a macromolecule –– a polymer made up of a long chain of glucose molecules linked by C-1 to C-4 oxygen bridges with elimination of water (glycoside bonds). The anhydroglucose units are linked together as beta-cellobiose; therefore, anhydro-beta-cellobiose is the repeating unit of the polymer chain. The number of repeat units linked together to form the cellulose polymer is referred to as the “degree of polymerization.”

Wood pulp, rayon and cellophane (all three derived from wood cellulose) are also constructed of cellulose polymers. Cotton cellulose differs from wood cellulose primarily by having a higher degree of polymerization and crystallinity. Crystallinity indicates that the fiber molecules are closely packed and parallel to one another.The average degree of polymerization of cotton is 9000-15000 which is so higher than the average crystallinity of the viscose rayon and wood pulp. Higher degree of polymerization and crystallinity are associated with higher fiber strengths.

Fiber Properties:

Cotton is the most used textile fiber in the world. All the properties of cotton have made it as a best textile fiber to use as many kinds of wear. Most folks prefer items made out of cotton than those that contain synthetic fibers. It feels comfortable when touches to the skin, has good absorbency, is machine washable, it holds the color well and prints well, and of course, it drapes well when worn. The bellow properties are available in the cotton.

Physical Properties:

Fiber Length: Length is most important property to any kind of fiber. Every fiber should be thousand times longer than its diameter. Cotton has an excellent length and breadth ratio such as 1000-15000. To be a fiber it should have a minimum length. Length of cotton fiber varies from .5 inch to 2.5 inches. Sea Island cotton has the maximum length and it is 2.0 inches to over.  

Fiber Strength: After having a minimum length of a fiber, it would contain sufficient strength or tenacity to spin into yarn. Cotton has a moderate strength like 3 to 5 gm/denier. Tensile strength of cotton depends on its moistening. When cotton fiber wets, its strength increases. Wet cotton is about 2 times stronger than dry cotton.

Fiber Fineness and Maturity: Micronaire measurements reflect fiber fineness and maturity. More the micronaire value, coarse the cotton will be. The range of cotton fiber fineness is between 3.5 to 6 micro gram per inch. On the other hand maturity is generally expressed as maturity ratio (wall area divided by perimeter squared).

Elasticity: Cotton has a very low elastic recovery property. Recovery from deformation of it from applying loads is so poor. Under some chemical treatment it can be increased but other problems may be arisen such as harsh feeling. At 2% extension of cotton has an elastic recovery of 74% and at 5% extension cotton has an elastic recovery of 45%.

Color: The color of cotton fibers is suffered by climatic conditions, effects regarding insects and pests in addition to the fungus, type of soil, storage and so on. There are several known categories of color: white, gray, spotted, tinged, and yellow stained. As the color of cotton deteriorates, the method capability on the materials reduces.

Moisture Regain: Cotton fiber has an excellent MR percentage in its constituents. It belongs to 7 to 10  percent MR. But the standard MR% of cotton fiber is 8.5

Abrasion Resistance: Abrasion resistance of cotton is moderately good.

Heat Resistance: The following property of cotton fiber is good or moderate.

Trash and Neps: A trash measurement describes how much non-lint materials in the fiber. The actual values associated with trash information ought to be in the range from 0 to 1. 6%. Trash content is highly correlated to leaf grade of the sample. A nep is usually a modest matted fiber knot typically attributable to processing. Neps can be scored by the AFIS nep tester and claimed for the final amount associated with neps for each 0. 5 grams on the fiber and average size in millimeters.

Chemical Properties of Cotton: Cotton swells in a high humidity environment, in water and in concentrated solutions of certain acids, salts and bases. The swelling effect is usually attributed to the sorption of highly hydrated ions.

Cotton is attacked by hot dilute or cold concentrated acid solutions. Acid hydrolysis of cellulose produces hydro-celluloses. Cold weak acids do not affect it. The fibers show excellent resistance to alkali. There are a few other solvents that will dissolve cotton completely. One of them is a copper complex of cupramonium hydroxide and cupriethylene diamine

Cotton is not affected by bleach and strong oxidizing bleaching agents covert it into oxi-cellulose.

Cotton degradation is usually attributed to oxidation, hydrolysis or both. Oxidation of cellulose can lead to two types of so-called oxy-cellulose, depending on the environment, in which the oxidation takes place.



End Uses of Cotton Fiber: The most prominent fiber in the world it is, so it has a wide range of uses from domestic purpose to wear. For flexibility, soft handle in addition to comfort and excellent moisture containing property it can be used for all types of wearing cloths.

It is used from swimwear, suits, jackets, skirts, pants, to home fashion. Includes curtains, draperies, comforters, towels, napkins and more.

It is also used in industry to make tire cord, bag, shoe, conveyor and different medical related textile materials such as bandage or medical thread.

Cotton Fiber | Cross section of Cotton | Properties of Cotton Fiber

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Cotton is a natural cellulosic fiber with a soft handle. The raw cotton contains almost 85 to 90 percent cellulose in its composition. This fluffy staple fiber grows in a bowl or protective capsule. Cotton plants are under the genus Gossypium. In the present world the most important, widespread and inexpensive textile fiber is cotton, a strong, thin and hygroscopic fiber. It develops on the seeds of the cotton plant. Today it is the most used textile fiber in the world. Its current market share is 56 percent among all the textile fibers. It is used for apparel and home furnishing materials and another contribution is attributed to non-woven textiles and personal care items. Compare to other fibers, it is recognized as the most consumers prefer fiber.

Cross Sectional View of Cotton Fiber

Under a cross sectional view of cotton it is composed of concentric layers. Cotton has a distinct cuticle, well developed primary and secondary cell walls as well as a lumen. The cuticle layer on the fiber itself is separable from the fiber and consists of wax and pectin materials. The primary wall, the most peripheral layer of the fiber, is composed of cellulosic crystalline fibrils. The secondary wall of the fiber consists of three distinct layers. All three layers of the secondary wall include closely packed parallel fibrils with spiral winding of 25-35o and represent the majority of cellulose within the fiber. The innermost part of a cotton fiber, the lumen- is composed of the remains of the cell contents.

Chemical Composition of Cotton

Component	Percentage
Cellulose	85.5%
Water/Moisture	8%
Protein	1.3%
Hemicelluloses & Pectin	1.2%
Waxes and fats	0.6%
Ash	1.2%
Pigments and Others	1.4%
Total	About 100%

Chemical structure and repeating unit:

After removing all the impurities and natural color material from cotton, it contains 99% cellulose. Cellulose is a macromolecule –– a polymer made up of a long chain of glucose molecules linked by C-1 to C-4 oxygen bridges with elimination of water (glycoside bonds). The anhydroglucose units are linked together as beta-cellobiose; therefore, anhydro-beta-cellobiose is the repeating unit of the polymer chain. The number of repeat units linked together to form the cellulose polymer is referred to as the “degree of polymerization.”

Wood pulp, rayon and cellophane (all three derived from wood cellulose) are also constructed of cellulose polymers. Cotton cellulose differs from wood cellulose primarily by having a higher degree of polymerization and crystallinity. Crystallinity indicates that the fiber molecules are closely packed and parallel to one another.The average degree of polymerization of cotton is 9000-15000 which is so higher than the average crystallinity of the viscose rayon and wood pulp. Higher degree of polymerization and crystallinity are associated with higher fiber strengths.

Fiber Properties:

Cotton is the most used textile fiber in the world. All the properties of cotton have made it as a best textile fiber to use as many kinds of wear. Most folks prefer items made out of cotton than those that contain synthetic fibers. It feels comfortable when touches to the skin, has good absorbency, is machine washable, it holds the color well and prints well, and of course, it drapes well when worn. The bellow properties are available in the cotton.

Physical Properties:

Fiber Length: Length is most important property to any kind of fiber. Every fiber should be thousand times longer than its diameter. Cotton has an excellent length and breadth ratio such as 1000-15000. To be a fiber it should have a minimum length. Length of cotton fiber varies from .5 inch to 2.5 inches. Sea Island cotton has the maximum length and it is 2.0 inches to over.  

Fiber Strength: After having a minimum length of a fiber, it would contain sufficient strength or tenacity to spin into yarn. Cotton has a moderate strength like 3 to 5 gm/denier. Tensile strength of cotton depends on its moistening. When cotton fiber wets, its strength increases. Wet cotton is about 2 times stronger than dry cotton.

Fiber Fineness and Maturity: Micronaire measurements reflect fiber fineness and maturity. More the micronaire value, coarse the cotton will be. The range of cotton fiber fineness is between 3.5 to 6 micro gram per inch. On the other hand maturity is generally expressed as maturity ratio (wall area divided by perimeter squared).

Elasticity: Cotton has a very low elastic recovery property. Recovery from deformation of it from applying loads is so poor. Under some chemical treatment it can be increased but other problems may be arisen such as harsh feeling. At 2% extension of cotton has an elastic recovery of 74% and at 5% extension cotton has an elastic recovery of 45%.

Color: The color of cotton fibers is suffered by climatic conditions, effects regarding insects and pests in addition to the fungus, type of soil, storage and so on. There are several known categories of color: white, gray, spotted, tinged, and yellow stained. As the color of cotton deteriorates, the method capability on the materials reduces.

Moisture Regain: Cotton fiber has an excellent MR percentage in its constituents. It belongs to 7 to 10  percent MR. But the standard MR% of cotton fiber is 8.5

Abrasion Resistance: Abrasion resistance of cotton is moderately good.

Heat Resistance: The following property of cotton fiber is good or moderate.

Trash and Neps: A trash measurement describes how much non-lint materials in the fiber. The actual values associated with trash information ought to be in the range from 0 to 1. 6%. Trash content is highly correlated to leaf grade of the sample. A nep is usually a modest matted fiber knot typically attributable to processing. Neps can be scored by the AFIS nep tester and claimed for the final amount associated with neps for each 0. 5 grams on the fiber and average size in millimeters.

Chemical Properties of Cotton: Cotton swells in a high humidity environment, in water and in concentrated solutions of certain acids, salts and bases. The swelling effect is usually attributed to the sorption of highly hydrated ions.

Cotton is attacked by hot dilute or cold concentrated acid solutions. Acid hydrolysis of cellulose produces hydro-celluloses. Cold weak acids do not affect it. The fibers show excellent resistance to alkali. There are a few other solvents that will dissolve cotton completely. One of them is a copper complex of cupramonium hydroxide and cupriethylene diamine

Cotton is not affected by bleach and strong oxidizing bleaching agents covert it into oxi-cellulose.

Cotton degradation is usually attributed to oxidation, hydrolysis or both. Oxidation of cellulose can lead to two types of so-called oxy-cellulose, depending on the environment, in which the oxidation takes place.



End Uses of Cotton Fiber: The most prominent fiber in the world it is, so it has a wide range of uses from domestic purpose to wear. For flexibility, soft handle in addition to comfort and excellent moisture containing property it can be used for all types of wearing cloths.

It is used from swimwear, suits, jackets, skirts, pants, to home fashion. Includes curtains, draperies, comforters, towels, napkins and more.

It is also used in industry to make tire cord, bag, shoe, conveyor and different medical related textile materials such as bandage or medical thread.

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