Nylon Fiber | Manufactured Fiber Nylon | Properties and End Uses

Nylon Fiber
FTC(Federal Trade Commission) Definition-A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide-linkages are attached directly (-CO-NH-) to two aliphatic groups. It was first synthetic true fiber, produced by "Dupont Company" on 28 February, 1935.

Raw Materials of Nylon 6, 6

• Adepic acid [ (CH2)4(COOH)2 ]
• Hexamethylene Diamine [ H2N(CH2)6NH2 ]

Raw Materials of Nylon 6

• Polyamides
• Caprolactum

Properties of Nylon Fiber

• Highest strong fiber.
• Elasticity is high.
• Abrasion resistant
• Lustrous
• Easy to wash
• Resistant to damage from oil and many chemicals
• Can be precolored or dyed in wide range of colors
• Resilient
• Low in moisture absorbency, MR - 4%
• Filament yarns provide smooth, soft, long-lasting fabrics
• Spun yarns lend fabrics light weight and warmth

End Uses:

• Apparel
• Home Furnishings
• Industrial useExtensively use for producing rope

Nylon Fiber | Manufactured Fiber Nylon | Properties and End Uses

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Nylon Fiber
FTC(Federal Trade Commission) Definition-A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide-linkages are attached directly (-CO-NH-) to two aliphatic groups. It was first synthetic true fiber, produced by "Dupont Company" on 28 February, 1935.

Raw Materials of Nylon 6, 6

• Adepic acid [ (CH2)4(COOH)2 ]
• Hexamethylene Diamine [ H2N(CH2)6NH2 ]

Raw Materials of Nylon 6

• Polyamides
• Caprolactum

Properties of Nylon Fiber

• Highest strong fiber.
• Elasticity is high.
• Abrasion resistant
• Lustrous
• Easy to wash
• Resistant to damage from oil and many chemicals
• Can be precolored or dyed in wide range of colors
• Resilient
• Low in moisture absorbency, MR - 4%
• Filament yarns provide smooth, soft, long-lasting fabrics
• Spun yarns lend fabrics light weight and warmth

End Uses:

• Apparel
• Home Furnishings
• Industrial useExtensively use for producing rope

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Synthetic Fiber Acrylic | Properties and Uses of Acrylic

Acrylic Fiber
FTC(Federal Trade Commission) Definition- A manufactured fiber in which the fiberforming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units (-CH2-CH[CN]-)x. First Commercially produced by "Dupont Company" on 1950s. It is called as synthetic wool for it's cold protecting characteristics. It is produced in the method of dry spinning where hot air is used for fiber formation.


Available Fiber Formation

•     Acrylic Tow Fiber
•     Acrylic Staple Fiber

Raw Materials of Acrylic
Acrylonitrile [  (-CH2-CH[CN]-)x ]

Properties of Acrylic Fiber

• Synthetic wool.
• Good in moisture absorb, MR - 1.5%.
• Excellent wickability & quick drying.
• Flexible aesthetics for wool-like, cotton-like, or blended appearance
• Washed easily
• Well resistant to moths, oil, and chemicals
• Easily dyeable with excellent color fastness
• Excellent resistance to sunlight degradation

End Uses:

• Apparel
• Home Furnishings
• Industrial Use
• Others

Synthetic Fiber Acrylic | Properties and Uses of Acrylic

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Acrylic Fiber
FTC(Federal Trade Commission) Definition- A manufactured fiber in which the fiberforming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units (-CH2-CH[CN]-)x. First Commercially produced by "Dupont Company" on 1950s. It is called as synthetic wool for it's cold protecting characteristics. It is produced in the method of dry spinning where hot air is used for fiber formation.


Available Fiber Formation

•     Acrylic Tow Fiber
•     Acrylic Staple Fiber

Raw Materials of Acrylic
Acrylonitrile [  (-CH2-CH[CN]-)x ]

Properties of Acrylic Fiber

• Synthetic wool.
• Good in moisture absorb, MR - 1.5%.
• Excellent wickability & quick drying.
• Flexible aesthetics for wool-like, cotton-like, or blended appearance
• Washed easily
• Well resistant to moths, oil, and chemicals
• Easily dyeable with excellent color fastness
• Excellent resistance to sunlight degradation

End Uses:

• Apparel
• Home Furnishings
• Industrial Use
• Others

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Polyester Fiber | Raw Materials, Characteristics & Uses of Polyester

Polyester Fiber
FTC(Federal Trade Commission) Definition- polyester is a manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by Polyethelene Terepthalate(PET).

Raw Materials of Polyester

• PET
• Ethelene Glycol

Fiber is available in the form of

• Polyester Tow Fiber
• Polyester Staple Fiber
• Polyester Fiberfill
• Polyester Textile Filament Fiber
• Polyester Industrial Filament Fiber
• PEN Fiber (Polyethylene Naphthalate)

Properties of Polyester Fiber:

• Very strong fiber.
• Low absorbency, MR- 0.4%
• Resistant to stretching and shrinking
• Chemical resistant is definitely high.
• Quick drying
• Crisp and resilient when wet or dry
• Wrinkle resistant
• Mildew resistant
• Abrasion resistant
• Retains heat-set pleats and crease
• Wash easily

End Uses:

• Apparel
• Home Furnishing
• Industrial Uses

Polyester Fiber | Raw Materials, Characteristics & Uses of Polyester

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Polyester Fiber
FTC(Federal Trade Commission) Definition- polyester is a manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by Polyethelene Terepthalate(PET).

Raw Materials of Polyester

• PET
• Ethelene Glycol

Fiber is available in the form of

• Polyester Tow Fiber
• Polyester Staple Fiber
• Polyester Fiberfill
• Polyester Textile Filament Fiber
• Polyester Industrial Filament Fiber
• PEN Fiber (Polyethylene Naphthalate)

Properties of Polyester Fiber:

• Very strong fiber.
• Low absorbency, MR- 0.4%
• Resistant to stretching and shrinking
• Chemical resistant is definitely high.
• Quick drying
• Crisp and resilient when wet or dry
• Wrinkle resistant
• Mildew resistant
• Abrasion resistant
• Retains heat-set pleats and crease
• Wash easily

End Uses:

• Apparel
• Home Furnishing
• Industrial Uses

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Natural Hair Fiber | Others Protein Fiber Like Wool & Silk | Fur Fiber

Available protein fibers are commonly known as wool as well as silk where some others protein fiber containing same characteristics are being cultivated as very limited portion in the world. Hair or fur of different animals are the source of these protein fiber. The prime component contains these fibers is protein named as keratin. Most  of the hair fibers contain similar physical and chemical properties same as to wool which are used to blend with other fibers. The average length of hair fiber is 41 cm or 16 inch where a single fiber may have been 91 cm or 36 inch.

Alpaca Hair Fiber

South American camel like animal Alpacas are mainly found in Andes Mountains. They are also seen in North America, Australia and New Zealand. About 120000 families of Peru, Bolivia and Chile are living through Alpacas Cultivation. An Alpaca produces about 3 kg of fiber.

Properties of Alpaca Fiber

• Fiber is partly hollow, from 20 to 70 microns in diameter.
• It comes in 22 natural variety of colors.
• Extremely fine with little guard hair.
• Compatible with either the woolen or worsted systems.
• Contain excellent insulation or thermal qualities.
• Warmer than merino wool.
• More abrasion resistant  as well as higher tensile strength than wool
• Odorless with no grease, oil and lanolin.
• Does not retain water and can resist solar radiation.
• Carding as well as blending with cotton and synthetic fibers is possible.
• Easily dyeable.

End Uses:

• Shawls
• Rugs
• Sweater
• Socks
• Jacket
• Stoles

Angora Rabbit Fiber

The angora rabbit is mainly found in  France, Italy and Japan as well as China, Chile and USA. It is a variety of the old world domestic rabbit with special characteristics, the active phase of hair growth is double that of normal rabbits. Since China is raised in Angora rabbits cultivation where angora farms count more than 50 million rabbits. Other angora producers are Argentina, Chile, Czech Republic and Hungary.

Properties of Angora:

• Hair is silky with white colors.
• It is a hollow fiber classed as wool with 14-16 microns diameter.
• Very soft in touch
• Water absorbency is well.
• Easily dyeable

End Uses:

• Overcoat
• Sweaters
• Suitings
• Baby Cloths
• Knitted cloths
• Pullovers
• Socks and gloves

Mohair Hair
Mohair is a protein fiber taken from Angora Goat. Angora goat is thought to have originated in Tibet.Turkey was the center of mohair textile production before the goat was introduced. Now a days South Africa and USA are the largest Mohair yarn/fabric producers, with the majority of American mohair being produced in Texas. Mainly three successive steps would have passed as shearing, scouring and dehaired to produce mohair fiber.Angora goats give 3 to 5 kgs mohair fiber in a year.

Properties of Mohair Fiber:

• Contain protein called keratin like as wool fiber.
• It's diameter ranges from 23 to 38 microns in older animal.
• Resilient Dust repellant
• Light reflected from the surface gives mohair a characteristic lustre
• Absorbent Lustrous and silky
• Anti wrinkle and flame resistant
• Moth and mildew proof Warmth.

End Uses:

• Knitted cloths
• Rugs and carpets
• Jackets and Coats
• Blankets
• Sweaters
• Home furnishings
• Doll
•  

Cashmere Fiber
Himalayas goat Kashmir is the main source of cashmere fiber.Its fine undercoat hair is collected by either combing or shearing during the spring moulting season. Cashmere or Kashmiri hair are extremely warm to protect goats from cold mountain temp.Fibers are highly adaptable and are easily constructed into fine or thick yarns, and light to heavy-weight fabrics. Appropriate for all climates. A high moisture content allows insulation properties to change with the relative humidity in the air.Now China is the leading cashmere fiber producer around the world while Mongolia produces the finest fiber. A Kashmir goat gives 150 grams fiber is a year.

Properties of Cashmere:

• Contains natural crimp allowing it to be spun into fine yarn as well as fabrics.
• Smooth and lustrous fiber.
• Warmer and fiber as compared to normal wool fiber.
• Less durable than wool.

End Uses:

• Shawls
• Rugs
• Scarves
• Sweaters
• Cardigan
• Jackets
• Coats
• Socks
• Gloves
• Blazers
• Underwear

(Pashmia is a type if cashmere used to produce shawls and scarves)

Camel Hair
Camel is the Eastern and Central Asian animal produces most expensive coat fibers.It is collected from the two-humped Bactrian camel is native to the Asian Countries.The camel's fine inner down is combed away, shorn or collected during the 6-8 weeks moulting season. An adult camel yields about 5 to 10 kg of fleece per year.

Camel hair producing steps

• Collection
• Sorting
• Dehairing
• Spinning
• Weaving/Knitting

Properties of Camel Hair:

• Strength,
• Luster,
• Smoothness,
• Warmth,
• Light weight,
• thermostatic

End Uses:

• Over coats and jackets,
• blazers and sweaters,
• Skirts,
• Paint brushes,
• Gloves and hosiery items,
• Scarves,
• mufflers,
• caps Carpets and
• waterproof coats etc

Natural Hair Fiber | Others Protein Fiber Like Wool & Silk | Fur Fiber

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Available protein fibers are commonly known as wool as well as silk where some others protein fiber containing same characteristics are being cultivated as very limited portion in the world. Hair or fur of different animals are the source of these protein fiber. The prime component contains these fibers is protein named as keratin. Most  of the hair fibers contain similar physical and chemical properties same as to wool which are used to blend with other fibers. The average length of hair fiber is 41 cm or 16 inch where a single fiber may have been 91 cm or 36 inch.

Alpaca Hair Fiber

South American camel like animal Alpacas are mainly found in Andes Mountains. They are also seen in North America, Australia and New Zealand. About 120000 families of Peru, Bolivia and Chile are living through Alpacas Cultivation. An Alpaca produces about 3 kg of fiber.

Properties of Alpaca Fiber

• Fiber is partly hollow, from 20 to 70 microns in diameter.
• It comes in 22 natural variety of colors.
• Extremely fine with little guard hair.
• Compatible with either the woolen or worsted systems.
• Contain excellent insulation or thermal qualities.
• Warmer than merino wool.
• More abrasion resistant  as well as higher tensile strength than wool
• Odorless with no grease, oil and lanolin.
• Does not retain water and can resist solar radiation.
• Carding as well as blending with cotton and synthetic fibers is possible.
• Easily dyeable.

End Uses:

• Shawls
• Rugs
• Sweater
• Socks
• Jacket
• Stoles

Angora Rabbit Fiber

The angora rabbit is mainly found in  France, Italy and Japan as well as China, Chile and USA. It is a variety of the old world domestic rabbit with special characteristics, the active phase of hair growth is double that of normal rabbits. Since China is raised in Angora rabbits cultivation where angora farms count more than 50 million rabbits. Other angora producers are Argentina, Chile, Czech Republic and Hungary.

Properties of Angora:

• Hair is silky with white colors.
• It is a hollow fiber classed as wool with 14-16 microns diameter.
• Very soft in touch
• Water absorbency is well.
• Easily dyeable

End Uses:

• Overcoat
• Sweaters
• Suitings
• Baby Cloths
• Knitted cloths
• Pullovers
• Socks and gloves

Mohair Hair
Mohair is a protein fiber taken from Angora Goat. Angora goat is thought to have originated in Tibet.Turkey was the center of mohair textile production before the goat was introduced. Now a days South Africa and USA are the largest Mohair yarn/fabric producers, with the majority of American mohair being produced in Texas. Mainly three successive steps would have passed as shearing, scouring and dehaired to produce mohair fiber.Angora goats give 3 to 5 kgs mohair fiber in a year.

Properties of Mohair Fiber:

• Contain protein called keratin like as wool fiber.
• It's diameter ranges from 23 to 38 microns in older animal.
• Resilient Dust repellant
• Light reflected from the surface gives mohair a characteristic lustre
• Absorbent Lustrous and silky
• Anti wrinkle and flame resistant
• Moth and mildew proof Warmth.

End Uses:

• Knitted cloths
• Rugs and carpets
• Jackets and Coats
• Blankets
• Sweaters
• Home furnishings
• Doll
•  

Cashmere Fiber
Himalayas goat Kashmir is the main source of cashmere fiber.Its fine undercoat hair is collected by either combing or shearing during the spring moulting season. Cashmere or Kashmiri hair are extremely warm to protect goats from cold mountain temp.Fibers are highly adaptable and are easily constructed into fine or thick yarns, and light to heavy-weight fabrics. Appropriate for all climates. A high moisture content allows insulation properties to change with the relative humidity in the air.Now China is the leading cashmere fiber producer around the world while Mongolia produces the finest fiber. A Kashmir goat gives 150 grams fiber is a year.

Properties of Cashmere:

• Contains natural crimp allowing it to be spun into fine yarn as well as fabrics.
• Smooth and lustrous fiber.
• Warmer and fiber as compared to normal wool fiber.
• Less durable than wool.

End Uses:

• Shawls
• Rugs
• Scarves
• Sweaters
• Cardigan
• Jackets
• Coats
• Socks
• Gloves
• Blazers
• Underwear

(Pashmia is a type if cashmere used to produce shawls and scarves)

Camel Hair
Camel is the Eastern and Central Asian animal produces most expensive coat fibers.It is collected from the two-humped Bactrian camel is native to the Asian Countries.The camel's fine inner down is combed away, shorn or collected during the 6-8 weeks moulting season. An adult camel yields about 5 to 10 kg of fleece per year.

Camel hair producing steps

• Collection
• Sorting
• Dehairing
• Spinning
• Weaving/Knitting

Properties of Camel Hair:

• Strength,
• Luster,
• Smoothness,
• Warmth,
• Light weight,
• thermostatic

End Uses:

• Over coats and jackets,
• blazers and sweaters,
• Skirts,
• Paint brushes,
• Gloves and hosiery items,
• Scarves,
• mufflers,
• caps Carpets and
• waterproof coats etc

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Important Abbreviations for Textile and Garments Technology

Sometimes we need some abbreviations for textile and clothing. Today I am sharing some important and effective terms elaboration.

AATCC - American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
AAQC - American Association of Quality Control
BSTI - Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution
ISO - International Organization for Standadization
BS - British Standard
AQL - Acceptable Quality Level
BCIRA - British Cotton Industries Research Association
GSP - Generalized System of Preferences
ILO -  International Labor Organization
BGWUC - Bangladesh Garments Worker Unit Council
ITET - Institute of Textile Engineers and Technologist
HVI - High Volume Instrument
AFIS - Advanced Fiber Information System
WIRA - Wool International Research Association
CAD - Computer Aided Design
CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing
BCA - Bangladesh Cotton Association
ICA - International Cotton Association
PTEA - Pakistan Textile Exporter Association
BGMEA - Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers & Exporters Association
BKMEA - Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association
FBCCI - Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry
BJMC - Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation
BTMC - Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation
GPT -  Garments Performance/Package Test
FPT - Fabric Performance/Package Test
APTMA - All Pakistan Textile Mills Association
CFIB - China Fiber Inspection Bureau
ICAC - International Cotton Advisory Committee
SITC - Standardized Instrument for Testing Cotton
CDA - Cotton Development Administration
SITRA - South India Textile Research Association
EPB - Export Promotion Bureau
NSA - No Seam Allowance
CC - Color Combination
CIF - Cost, Insurance & Freight
CNF - Clearing & Forwarding
FOB - Free On Board
CFR - Cost and Freight
EXW - Ex Works
FCA - Free Carrier
FAS - Free Alongside Ship
CPT - Carriage Paid To
CIP - Carriage, Insurance Paid
DAP - Delivered At Place
GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
LDC - Least Development CountryL
L/C - Letter of Credit
BTB L/C - Back to Back L/C

Important Abbreviations for Textile and Garments Technology

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Sometimes we need some abbreviations for textile and clothing. Today I am sharing some important and effective terms elaboration.

AATCC - American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
AAQC - American Association of Quality Control
BSTI - Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution
ISO - International Organization for Standadization
BS - British Standard
AQL - Acceptable Quality Level
BCIRA - British Cotton Industries Research Association
GSP - Generalized System of Preferences
ILO -  International Labor Organization
BGWUC - Bangladesh Garments Worker Unit Council
ITET - Institute of Textile Engineers and Technologist
HVI - High Volume Instrument
AFIS - Advanced Fiber Information System
WIRA - Wool International Research Association
CAD - Computer Aided Design
CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing
BCA - Bangladesh Cotton Association
ICA - International Cotton Association
PTEA - Pakistan Textile Exporter Association
BGMEA - Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers & Exporters Association
BKMEA - Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association
FBCCI - Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry
BJMC - Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation
BTMC - Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation
GPT -  Garments Performance/Package Test
FPT - Fabric Performance/Package Test
APTMA - All Pakistan Textile Mills Association
CFIB - China Fiber Inspection Bureau
ICAC - International Cotton Advisory Committee
SITC - Standardized Instrument for Testing Cotton
CDA - Cotton Development Administration
SITRA - South India Textile Research Association
EPB - Export Promotion Bureau
NSA - No Seam Allowance
CC - Color Combination
CIF - Cost, Insurance & Freight
CNF - Clearing & Forwarding
FOB - Free On Board
CFR - Cost and Freight
EXW - Ex Works
FCA - Free Carrier
FAS - Free Alongside Ship
CPT - Carriage Paid To
CIP - Carriage, Insurance Paid
DAP - Delivered At Place
GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
LDC - Least Development CountryL
L/C - Letter of Credit
BTB L/C - Back to Back L/C

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Wool Fiber Features and Applications

Characteristics of Wool Fiber:

http://textilerawmaterial.blogspot.com/1. Wool is the natural protein fiber obtained from sheep where cashmere from goats, mohair from goats, angora from rabbits and other wool from camels.
2. It is very fine, soft and highly elastic fiber which contains up to 70 percent unnecessary material other than protein or fiber portion.
3.It is structurally very complex fiber and composed essentially of three tissues, the cuticle, the cortex and the medulla.
4. Usually its length is 1 to 14 inch and comparatively has low strength than other natural textile fibers.
5. Scaling and crimp of wool fiber makes it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other.
6. Due to crimp, wool fabrics have a greater bulk than other other textiles, and retain air which causes the product to retain heat, thus it is suitable for making warm cloth as well.
7. Crimp of wool fiber as like as the fineness of the fiber such as merino(fine wool) have up to 100 crimps and Karakul(coarse wool) may have as few as 1 to 2 crimps.
8. This fibers are hydrophilic it means theyr eadily absorb moisture but are not hollow, standard Moisture Regain of wool is 15 percent.
9. Wool is normally a creamy white fiber, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes.
10. Wool fibers are affected by fire at higher temperature than cotton as well as many manufactured fibers.


Quality of Wool Fiber:

Quality of wool fiber depends on fiber diameter, crimp, productivity, color and staple length. For better price fiber fineness is single most important characteristic. According to the grading of wool, merino wool is typically 3-5 inches in length and is super fine as its diameter is between 12 to 24 microns. The most valuable and finest wool comes from Merino Hoiggets. Other sheep wools which are collected from meat producing sheep are typically more coarse and have a short staple length.


Uses:

1. Wool is very fine, soft fiber as it is used about 60 percent in the apparel industry. In addition to apparel manufacturing, it is being used for blanks, rugs, carpets, felt, insulating material and domestic purpose.

2. Wool fiber is typically used to cover apparel diapers.

3. Wool fibers are externally hydrophobic and internally hygroscopic in nature, thus it can be used to cover a wet diaper while inhibiting working as a result outer clothes remain dry.

4. It is used to make underwear because it more readily absorbs the moisture that prevents heat and sweat rashes.

5. The most finest merino wool is used to produce infant wear as well.a

Wool Fiber Features and Applications

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Characteristics of Wool Fiber:

http://textilerawmaterial.blogspot.com/1. Wool is the natural protein fiber obtained from sheep where cashmere from goats, mohair from goats, angora from rabbits and other wool from camels.
2. It is very fine, soft and highly elastic fiber which contains up to 70 percent unnecessary material other than protein or fiber portion.
3.It is structurally very complex fiber and composed essentially of three tissues, the cuticle, the cortex and the medulla.
4. Usually its length is 1 to 14 inch and comparatively has low strength than other natural textile fibers.
5. Scaling and crimp of wool fiber makes it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other.
6. Due to crimp, wool fabrics have a greater bulk than other other textiles, and retain air which causes the product to retain heat, thus it is suitable for making warm cloth as well.
7. Crimp of wool fiber as like as the fineness of the fiber such as merino(fine wool) have up to 100 crimps and Karakul(coarse wool) may have as few as 1 to 2 crimps.
8. This fibers are hydrophilic it means theyr eadily absorb moisture but are not hollow, standard Moisture Regain of wool is 15 percent.
9. Wool is normally a creamy white fiber, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes.
10. Wool fibers are affected by fire at higher temperature than cotton as well as many manufactured fibers.


Quality of Wool Fiber:

Quality of wool fiber depends on fiber diameter, crimp, productivity, color and staple length. For better price fiber fineness is single most important characteristic. According to the grading of wool, merino wool is typically 3-5 inches in length and is super fine as its diameter is between 12 to 24 microns. The most valuable and finest wool comes from Merino Hoiggets. Other sheep wools which are collected from meat producing sheep are typically more coarse and have a short staple length.


Uses:

1. Wool is very fine, soft fiber as it is used about 60 percent in the apparel industry. In addition to apparel manufacturing, it is being used for blanks, rugs, carpets, felt, insulating material and domestic purpose.

2. Wool fiber is typically used to cover apparel diapers.

3. Wool fibers are externally hydrophobic and internally hygroscopic in nature, thus it can be used to cover a wet diaper while inhibiting working as a result outer clothes remain dry.

4. It is used to make underwear because it more readily absorbs the moisture that prevents heat and sweat rashes.

5. The most finest merino wool is used to produce infant wear as well.a

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Wool Fiber - Chemical Composition of Wool

Wool is a animal fiber of outstanding importance. It is a protein fiber collecting from fur of sheep. This protein fiber consists of C, H, O, N, S etc. Wool is very fine, elastic fiber. Hair of some animals fibers can be considered as textile fiber but wool has special features which distinguish it from other hairs but which renders it supremely valuable as a textile fiber.  These differences are of a physical nature and the basic tissues and chemical structure of all animal hairs, including wool, are similar. 

The wool fiber is complex in structure and composed essentially of three tissues, the cuticle, the cortex and the medulla. Each of these, however is further subdivided by tissue differentiation. A purely diagrammatic illustration of the structure of a non-medullate fiber has shown in image.

The epi-cuticle and exo-cuticles of wool contain a high proportion of sulpher with many cystine cross linkages giving them a high measure of resistance to biological and chemical attack. The endo-cuticle of the other hand is somewhat less resistant. There are inter-cellular membranes which act as a concent holding the cuticle to the adjacent tissues. It is seen from the structural image that the cortical cells are composed of macro-fibrils, each of which contain a number of micro-fibrils lying parallel with each other.

Chemical Composition of Wool:

Component	Percentage
Keratin	33%
Dirt	26%
Suint	28%
Fat	12%
Mineral Matters	1%
Total	100%

Wool is protein fiber thus it contain keratin as a protein. This fiber contains unnecessary substances up to 70 percent in its chemical constituents. The protein substances of wool keratin composed of the C, H, O, N, S with the following percentage.

Composition of Keratin:

Component	Percentage
Carbon	50%
Hydrogen	12%
Oxygen	10%
Nitrogen	25%
Sulpher	3%
Total	100%

Wool Fiber - Chemical Composition of Wool

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Wool is a animal fiber of outstanding importance. It is a protein fiber collecting from fur of sheep. This protein fiber consists of C, H, O, N, S etc. Wool is very fine, elastic fiber. Hair of some animals fibers can be considered as textile fiber but wool has special features which distinguish it from other hairs but which renders it supremely valuable as a textile fiber.  These differences are of a physical nature and the basic tissues and chemical structure of all animal hairs, including wool, are similar. 

The wool fiber is complex in structure and composed essentially of three tissues, the cuticle, the cortex and the medulla. Each of these, however is further subdivided by tissue differentiation. A purely diagrammatic illustration of the structure of a non-medullate fiber has shown in image.

The epi-cuticle and exo-cuticles of wool contain a high proportion of sulpher with many cystine cross linkages giving them a high measure of resistance to biological and chemical attack. The endo-cuticle of the other hand is somewhat less resistant. There are inter-cellular membranes which act as a concent holding the cuticle to the adjacent tissues. It is seen from the structural image that the cortical cells are composed of macro-fibrils, each of which contain a number of micro-fibrils lying parallel with each other.

Chemical Composition of Wool:

Component	Percentage
Keratin	33%
Dirt	26%
Suint	28%
Fat	12%
Mineral Matters	1%
Total	100%

Wool is protein fiber thus it contain keratin as a protein. This fiber contains unnecessary substances up to 70 percent in its chemical constituents. The protein substances of wool keratin composed of the C, H, O, N, S with the following percentage.

Composition of Keratin:

Component	Percentage
Carbon	50%
Hydrogen	12%
Oxygen	10%
Nitrogen	25%
Sulpher	3%
Total	100%

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Coir Fiber Properties and Common Application

Coir is a multi-cellular natural bast fiber. It is extracted from the tissues surrounding the seed of the coconut palm. The scientific name of coconut plant is Cocos nucifera. Coir fibers are made from two different types coconut, brown fiber which is obtained from mature coconuts and finer white fiber which is extracted from immature green coconuts after soaking for up to 10 months. Both the raw materials of coconut palm result in fiber types with slightly different characteristics. This coconut plant is truly a source of renewable raw materials for both food and non-food products.

The coconut tree grows in lots of nations of the entire world. But the coir fiber industry is only fully developed in a few countries. Around just 30% of the entirely accessible coconut husks will be highly processed to have coir fiber. Coir fiber production provides work and also revenue to several thousands of countryside, generally poor and rural people in the important producing countries such as India and also Sri Lanka. Coir is also developed far away such as Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam and also South America. Coir fiber production typically takes small place and is a tiny family businesses.

Features of Coir Fiber

1. Coir is a stiff, less flexible and  without softness.

2. Fiber length is up to 35 cm with a diameter of 12-25 microns.

3. This husk fiber contains the maximum amount of lignin among all the other natural fibers.

4. Tensile strength of Coir fiber is low compared to abaca.

5. White coir is made from unripe coconut, brown coir is made from ripe coconut

6. Coir fiber has good resistance to microbial action and salt water damage.

7. This fiber has great affinity to basic dye, acid dye and direct dye.






Application of Coir Fiber

Coir fiber has a great variety of applications at domestic as well as official decorative purpose.

1. It is widely used for floor mats, door mats, brushes, mattresses etc.

2. Common uses for brown coir fiber are in upholstery padding, sacking and horticulture.

3. It is used in handicraft industry and shell of coconut is used for button making as well.

4. This material is also used for electric insulation and packaging.

5. Brown coir fibers together to be used as upholstery padding for automobile industry.

6. This fiber is recommended substitute for sphagnum moss because it is free of bacteria and fungal spores.

7. It is not spoiled into water thus rope can make which is used at ship & boat.

Coir Fiber Properties and Common Application

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Coir is a multi-cellular natural bast fiber. It is extracted from the tissues surrounding the seed of the coconut palm. The scientific name of coconut plant is Cocos nucifera. Coir fibers are made from two different types coconut, brown fiber which is obtained from mature coconuts and finer white fiber which is extracted from immature green coconuts after soaking for up to 10 months. Both the raw materials of coconut palm result in fiber types with slightly different characteristics. This coconut plant is truly a source of renewable raw materials for both food and non-food products.

The coconut tree grows in lots of nations of the entire world. But the coir fiber industry is only fully developed in a few countries. Around just 30% of the entirely accessible coconut husks will be highly processed to have coir fiber. Coir fiber production provides work and also revenue to several thousands of countryside, generally poor and rural people in the important producing countries such as India and also Sri Lanka. Coir is also developed far away such as Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam and also South America. Coir fiber production typically takes small place and is a tiny family businesses.

Features of Coir Fiber

1. Coir is a stiff, less flexible and  without softness.

2. Fiber length is up to 35 cm with a diameter of 12-25 microns.

3. This husk fiber contains the maximum amount of lignin among all the other natural fibers.

4. Tensile strength of Coir fiber is low compared to abaca.

5. White coir is made from unripe coconut, brown coir is made from ripe coconut

6. Coir fiber has good resistance to microbial action and salt water damage.

7. This fiber has great affinity to basic dye, acid dye and direct dye.






Application of Coir Fiber

Coir fiber has a great variety of applications at domestic as well as official decorative purpose.

1. It is widely used for floor mats, door mats, brushes, mattresses etc.

2. Common uses for brown coir fiber are in upholstery padding, sacking and horticulture.

3. It is used in handicraft industry and shell of coconut is used for button making as well.

4. This material is also used for electric insulation and packaging.

5. Brown coir fibers together to be used as upholstery padding for automobile industry.

6. This fiber is recommended substitute for sphagnum moss because it is free of bacteria and fungal spores.

7. It is not spoiled into water thus rope can make which is used at ship & boat.

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Sisal Fiber - A widely Used Vegetable Fiber (Properties and Uses)

Sisal Fibers are just about the most favored healthy fibers obtained by sisal plant. The particular plant, recognized as Agave sisalana. It is a hardy fiber usually extracted from the leaves of the sisal plant as well and naturally grows well at hot and dry climate. Sisal is a member of the agave family, which are hardy plants of arid regions of Central America, Mexico and South West USA. In the past, several species of Agave were used for fibre production, but now A. sisalana is the commercially grown species. Henequen (A. Fourcroydes) is another species of agave that produces fiber, but not of as high quality as A. sisalana.


Every single leaf of the sisal plant includes numerous extended fibers, which may be taken off in the procedure generally known as decortication. The particular fibers could be content spinner into the thread regarding twine in addition to fabric generation, or maybe pulped to produce paper items.

Sisal fibers are usually entirely biodegradable, environmentally friendly composites had been created having soy proteins resin revised having gelatin. Sisal fibers, revised soy proteins resins, in addition to composites had been known with regards to kinetic in addition to energy houses.

Properties of sisal fiber:

1.    Sisal fiber is a lustrous and creamy white fiber.
2.    It measures up to 1 meter in length and with a diameter of 200 to 400 microns.
3.    It is hard and coarse fiber, thus unusual for textile goods in addition to fabrication.
4.    It takes moisture easily and a stronger fiber that others.
5.    Sisal Fiber is extremely long lasting that has a low maintenance with limited usage.
6.    It is Recyclable.
7.    Sisal material is generally obtained from the particular outer leaf skin, eliminating the particular inside pulp.
8.    It is accessible to the weave plaid, herringbone in addition to twill.
9.    Sisal material is generally Anti static, isn't going to attract or lure dust
10.    Sisal Sisal Fiber is extremely long lasting that has a low maintenance with minimal usage.
11.    It is Recyclable.
12.    Sisal material is generally obtained from the particular outer leaf skin color, eliminating the particular inside pulp.
13.    It is accessible to the weave as plaid, herringbone in addition to twill.
14.    Sisal has a fine surface texture thus it is applicable to many common dyestuffs as well.
15.    Sisal exhibits beneficial sound in addition to cushioning properties.
.

Usual Chemical Constituents of Sisal Fiber

Components	Percentage
Cotton	71%
Hemicellulose	18.5%
Lignin	6%
Pectin	2.3%
Fat and Waxes	0.5%
Water Soluble Matter	1.7%

 Total                                                100%



Common Application of Sisal Fiber:


1.    Sisal fiber is a more durable, strengthening, ability to stretch, great attractions towards certain dyestuffs and resistance to deterioration in salt water so it is as used for Agriculture twine as well as a rope (Coil like a roll or braid) .


2.    Sisal is known for the great durability of its yarns, although slight matting of sisal carpeting may occur in high traffic areas.

3.    Sisal does not build up static and does not trap dust, so vacuuming is the only maintenance required.

4.    It is also used in low-cost and specialty paper, dart boards, buffing cloth, filters, Geotextiles, mattresses, carpets, handicrafts, wire rope cores, and Macramé.

5.    Other products developed from sisal fiber include spa products, cat scratching posts, lumbar support belts, rugs, slippers, clothes, and disc buffers.

6.    Sisal wall covering meets the abrasion and tearing resistance standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials and of the National Fire Protection Association.

7.    In recent years sisal has been utilized as a strengthening agent to replace asbestos and glass fiber and is increasingly a component used in the automobile industry, where its strength, "naturalness" and environmentally friendly characteristics are greatly appreciated.

8.    It is also used as a binding material for plaster molding as well as in the construction industry to reinforce plaster in ceilings and walls.

9.    It is used as reinforcement in plastic composite materials, particularly in automotive components, but also in furniture.

10.    Another promising use is as a substitute for asbestos in brake pads. (It is also the best material for making dartboards.)

11.    By-products from sisal extraction can be used for making bio-gas, pharmaceutical ingredients and building material.

(References- wikipedia.org, naturalfibres2009.org, wigglesworthfibres.com)

Sisal Fiber - A widely Used Vegetable Fiber (Properties and Uses)

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Sisal Fibers are just about the most favored healthy fibers obtained by sisal plant. The particular plant, recognized as Agave sisalana. It is a hardy fiber usually extracted from the leaves of the sisal plant as well and naturally grows well at hot and dry climate. Sisal is a member of the agave family, which are hardy plants of arid regions of Central America, Mexico and South West USA. In the past, several species of Agave were used for fibre production, but now A. sisalana is the commercially grown species. Henequen (A. Fourcroydes) is another species of agave that produces fiber, but not of as high quality as A. sisalana.


Every single leaf of the sisal plant includes numerous extended fibers, which may be taken off in the procedure generally known as decortication. The particular fibers could be content spinner into the thread regarding twine in addition to fabric generation, or maybe pulped to produce paper items.

Sisal fibers are usually entirely biodegradable, environmentally friendly composites had been created having soy proteins resin revised having gelatin. Sisal fibers, revised soy proteins resins, in addition to composites had been known with regards to kinetic in addition to energy houses.

Properties of sisal fiber:

1.    Sisal fiber is a lustrous and creamy white fiber.
2.    It measures up to 1 meter in length and with a diameter of 200 to 400 microns.
3.    It is hard and coarse fiber, thus unusual for textile goods in addition to fabrication.
4.    It takes moisture easily and a stronger fiber that others.
5.    Sisal Fiber is extremely long lasting that has a low maintenance with limited usage.
6.    It is Recyclable.
7.    Sisal material is generally obtained from the particular outer leaf skin, eliminating the particular inside pulp.
8.    It is accessible to the weave plaid, herringbone in addition to twill.
9.    Sisal material is generally Anti static, isn't going to attract or lure dust
10.    Sisal Sisal Fiber is extremely long lasting that has a low maintenance with minimal usage.
11.    It is Recyclable.
12.    Sisal material is generally obtained from the particular outer leaf skin color, eliminating the particular inside pulp.
13.    It is accessible to the weave as plaid, herringbone in addition to twill.
14.    Sisal has a fine surface texture thus it is applicable to many common dyestuffs as well.
15.    Sisal exhibits beneficial sound in addition to cushioning properties.
.

Usual Chemical Constituents of Sisal Fiber

Components	Percentage
Cotton	71%
Hemicellulose	18.5%
Lignin	6%
Pectin	2.3%
Fat and Waxes	0.5%
Water Soluble Matter	1.7%

 Total                                                100%



Common Application of Sisal Fiber:


1.    Sisal fiber is a more durable, strengthening, ability to stretch, great attractions towards certain dyestuffs and resistance to deterioration in salt water so it is as used for Agriculture twine as well as a rope (Coil like a roll or braid) .


2.    Sisal is known for the great durability of its yarns, although slight matting of sisal carpeting may occur in high traffic areas.

3.    Sisal does not build up static and does not trap dust, so vacuuming is the only maintenance required.

4.    It is also used in low-cost and specialty paper, dart boards, buffing cloth, filters, Geotextiles, mattresses, carpets, handicrafts, wire rope cores, and Macramé.

5.    Other products developed from sisal fiber include spa products, cat scratching posts, lumbar support belts, rugs, slippers, clothes, and disc buffers.

6.    Sisal wall covering meets the abrasion and tearing resistance standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials and of the National Fire Protection Association.

7.    In recent years sisal has been utilized as a strengthening agent to replace asbestos and glass fiber and is increasingly a component used in the automobile industry, where its strength, "naturalness" and environmentally friendly characteristics are greatly appreciated.

8.    It is also used as a binding material for plaster molding as well as in the construction industry to reinforce plaster in ceilings and walls.

9.    It is used as reinforcement in plastic composite materials, particularly in automotive components, but also in furniture.

10.    Another promising use is as a substitute for asbestos in brake pads. (It is also the best material for making dartboards.)

11.    By-products from sisal extraction can be used for making bio-gas, pharmaceutical ingredients and building material.

(References- wikipedia.org, naturalfibres2009.org, wigglesworthfibres.com)

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