What's New Here?

Cotton spinning has now completed a milestone with modern machines where processing time and machines with man power requirement has been reduced. Most of the spinning mills are now established with modern machines but the basic procedures of spinning are followed perfectly. 

Cotton is the most usable natural vegetable fiber which covers almost 60% of total fiber requirement in textile sector. After getting cotton fibers from land it should be processed with ginning machine to separate seeds from raw cotton. Little amount seed must remain with cotton fiber which is considered as trash materials of cotton where other particles also remain. We get yarn from cotton fiber with many of the spinning process and finally there about 70-72% yarns we can collect and rests are removed as wastage. If we make process for 1 kg raw cotton then we will get 750-780 grams cotton yarn. 

Cotton fibers are generally processed to spin for making two types of yarn. Carded yarn and Combed yarn. Now another technique also has been introduced as rotor spinning to make open end cotton yarns.


Process sequence and their brief description now mentioning below for better understanding of cotton yarn spinning.


Bale management:
Bale management can be defined as the judicious selection of bale orcotton fibre in order to achive acceptable economic spinning performance and consistent yarn quality. Bale management is essential for perfect and homogeneous blending. Bale management also
applicable for hossiery process and rotor. Collect samples from 100% bale. The samples are tested in HVI . Then determine all the parameter of fiber colleted. . Quality assurance department again check
whether these bales fulfill the requirements. Then all the bales are arranged under the
Bale Plucker.

Blow Room:
The cotton comes in compact bale form, which are not suitable for processing. So it have to be opened, cleaned and made free of contamination before processing. To obtain consistent parameters throughout the process, the cotton have to be mixed uniformly. All these tasks are carried out in the blow room. At first the bale arrange under the bale plucker. Bale plucker raw cotton in lump form and sends these to multimixer through air transportation for condensor. After the heavy particles being
removed, the cotton is blended and mixed in the four chamber. Then it is taken for fine opener & cleaning. Then the material sent to the carding machine for further processing via chute feed.


Carding:
The carding machine mainly removes the Neps, short fibers and remaining impurities in the cotton fiber and forms carded sliver. Mainly impurities are removed at the taker in and the neps and short fibers are removed by action between the cylinder and flat. It is called the heart of cotton spinning because the quality of a cotton spinning mill is greatly dependent upon the performance of the carding machine. The card slivers are delivered in card sliver cans which are then‐feed to the breaker drawing frame.


Breaker/ Pre‐comb Draw Frame:
In the breaker draw frame 6 carded sliver cans are feed at a time and are drafted to one drawn sliver. By this, the fibers in the sliver becomes more oriented, parallelized and the irregularity of the strand decreases. Produced drawn sliver cans are then either fed to the finisher if it is card process or feed to the lap former if it is combed process.

Lap Former:
For combing, the material have to be presented to the comber machine is a lap form. So to convert the slivers into mini laps, the lap former is used. Here 26 drawn sliver cans are doubled and drafted together to form lap. The lap is then feed to the comber machine.


Comber:
The comber machine mainly combs out the lap and removes any kind of neps, short fiber or other impurities present in it. It also parallelizes the strand to the maximum degree. As a result the yarn produced from this sliver possesses better quality and aesthetic properties. The produced combed sliver is then feed to the finisher / postcomb drawing machine.


Finisher / Post‐comb Drawing Frame:
The finisher is the last machine where the irregularities in the strand can be modified easily and any fault after this will pass on to the yarn. So this machine is of great importance. That is why this machine is equipped with an auto‐leveler. The auto‐leveler continuously scans the incoming slivers and increases or decreases he draft in the drafting zone to minimize any thick or thin place. 6 breaker or comber sliver cans are feed together. This machine is monitored continuously very carefully. The produced finisher sliver cans are then feed to the simplex machine.


Simplex:

In the ring frame, if the yarn is produced directly form sliver, then a very high amount of draft will be necessary, which will be un‐manageable. That is why the material is gradually drafted and an intermediate strand named roving is produced. A slight amount of twist is also inserted in the roving to ensure breakage free winding and unwinding of it on the roving bobbin. Then the ravings are feed to the ring frame.


Ring Frame:
In the ring frame, finally the yarn is produced by drafting the roving. Here twist is inserted in the yarn to obtain required strength. Twist is inserted by means of ring traveler. The number of turns that the spindle rotates at one revolution of the front roller is the number of twist that are inserted on the unit length of yarn. Then the yarn are wound on ring bobbins. When the bobbins are full, they are doffed from the machine automatically mechanism.


Auto Coner:
The auto coner is a machine for automatic winding of yarn on cross wound packages. The yarn is wound on paper cones. It represents an autonomous, compact winding machine, which is equipped with a splicer and electronic yarn clearer in each winding unit. The EYC continuous scans the yarn for faults using either capacitative or optical principle or both. When a fault is found then it cuts it out. Then a upper and lower arm catches the yarn and brings the two ends to the splicer where they are joined together. The joining is done by means of compressed air. Thus the finished cones are produced which are then heat set and packed in required form of packaging.


Heat Setting Machine:
Heat setting is mainly done to stabilize the twist in the twisted yarn, reduce hairiness and increase the moisture content in the yarn packages. The yarn cones are arranged on trolleys. Maximum 6 trolleys can be fed to the machine. After that the machine door is closed. Then vacuum is created inside the machine and water at 60°C is sprayed inside the chamber. Due to negative pressure, the water becomes steam. There the yarn packages are heat set in the steam for 45 min

Cotton Spinning Process Overview | Short Staple Spinning - Blowroom to Ringframe Process Sequence

Advertisements
Cotton spinning has now completed a milestone with modern machines where processing time and machines with man power requirement has been reduced. Most of the spinning mills are now established with modern machines but the basic procedures of spinning are followed perfectly. 

Cotton is the most usable natural vegetable fiber which covers almost 60% of total fiber requirement in textile sector. After getting cotton fibers from land it should be processed with ginning machine to separate seeds from raw cotton. Little amount seed must remain with cotton fiber which is considered as trash materials of cotton where other particles also remain. We get yarn from cotton fiber with many of the spinning process and finally there about 70-72% yarns we can collect and rests are removed as wastage. If we make process for 1 kg raw cotton then we will get 750-780 grams cotton yarn. 

Cotton fibers are generally processed to spin for making two types of yarn. Carded yarn and Combed yarn. Now another technique also has been introduced as rotor spinning to make open end cotton yarns.


Process sequence and their brief description now mentioning below for better understanding of cotton yarn spinning.


Bale management:
Bale management can be defined as the judicious selection of bale orcotton fibre in order to achive acceptable economic spinning performance and consistent yarn quality. Bale management is essential for perfect and homogeneous blending. Bale management also
applicable for hossiery process and rotor. Collect samples from 100% bale. The samples are tested in HVI . Then determine all the parameter of fiber colleted. . Quality assurance department again check
whether these bales fulfill the requirements. Then all the bales are arranged under the
Bale Plucker.

Blow Room:
The cotton comes in compact bale form, which are not suitable for processing. So it have to be opened, cleaned and made free of contamination before processing. To obtain consistent parameters throughout the process, the cotton have to be mixed uniformly. All these tasks are carried out in the blow room. At first the bale arrange under the bale plucker. Bale plucker raw cotton in lump form and sends these to multimixer through air transportation for condensor. After the heavy particles being
removed, the cotton is blended and mixed in the four chamber. Then it is taken for fine opener & cleaning. Then the material sent to the carding machine for further processing via chute feed.


Carding:
The carding machine mainly removes the Neps, short fibers and remaining impurities in the cotton fiber and forms carded sliver. Mainly impurities are removed at the taker in and the neps and short fibers are removed by action between the cylinder and flat. It is called the heart of cotton spinning because the quality of a cotton spinning mill is greatly dependent upon the performance of the carding machine. The card slivers are delivered in card sliver cans which are then‐feed to the breaker drawing frame.


Breaker/ Pre‐comb Draw Frame:
In the breaker draw frame 6 carded sliver cans are feed at a time and are drafted to one drawn sliver. By this, the fibers in the sliver becomes more oriented, parallelized and the irregularity of the strand decreases. Produced drawn sliver cans are then either fed to the finisher if it is card process or feed to the lap former if it is combed process.

Lap Former:
For combing, the material have to be presented to the comber machine is a lap form. So to convert the slivers into mini laps, the lap former is used. Here 26 drawn sliver cans are doubled and drafted together to form lap. The lap is then feed to the comber machine.


Comber:
The comber machine mainly combs out the lap and removes any kind of neps, short fiber or other impurities present in it. It also parallelizes the strand to the maximum degree. As a result the yarn produced from this sliver possesses better quality and aesthetic properties. The produced combed sliver is then feed to the finisher / postcomb drawing machine.


Finisher / Post‐comb Drawing Frame:
The finisher is the last machine where the irregularities in the strand can be modified easily and any fault after this will pass on to the yarn. So this machine is of great importance. That is why this machine is equipped with an auto‐leveler. The auto‐leveler continuously scans the incoming slivers and increases or decreases he draft in the drafting zone to minimize any thick or thin place. 6 breaker or comber sliver cans are feed together. This machine is monitored continuously very carefully. The produced finisher sliver cans are then feed to the simplex machine.


Simplex:

In the ring frame, if the yarn is produced directly form sliver, then a very high amount of draft will be necessary, which will be un‐manageable. That is why the material is gradually drafted and an intermediate strand named roving is produced. A slight amount of twist is also inserted in the roving to ensure breakage free winding and unwinding of it on the roving bobbin. Then the ravings are feed to the ring frame.


Ring Frame:
In the ring frame, finally the yarn is produced by drafting the roving. Here twist is inserted in the yarn to obtain required strength. Twist is inserted by means of ring traveler. The number of turns that the spindle rotates at one revolution of the front roller is the number of twist that are inserted on the unit length of yarn. Then the yarn are wound on ring bobbins. When the bobbins are full, they are doffed from the machine automatically mechanism.


Auto Coner:
The auto coner is a machine for automatic winding of yarn on cross wound packages. The yarn is wound on paper cones. It represents an autonomous, compact winding machine, which is equipped with a splicer and electronic yarn clearer in each winding unit. The EYC continuous scans the yarn for faults using either capacitative or optical principle or both. When a fault is found then it cuts it out. Then a upper and lower arm catches the yarn and brings the two ends to the splicer where they are joined together. The joining is done by means of compressed air. Thus the finished cones are produced which are then heat set and packed in required form of packaging.


Heat Setting Machine:
Heat setting is mainly done to stabilize the twist in the twisted yarn, reduce hairiness and increase the moisture content in the yarn packages. The yarn cones are arranged on trolleys. Maximum 6 trolleys can be fed to the machine. After that the machine door is closed. Then vacuum is created inside the machine and water at 60°C is sprayed inside the chamber. Due to negative pressure, the water becomes steam. There the yarn packages are heat set in the steam for 45 min
Advertisements


A Letter of Credit is a payment term generally used for international sales transactions. It is basically a mechanism, which allows importers/buyers to offer secure terms of payment to exporters/sellers in which a bank (or more than one bank) gets involved. The technical term for Letter of credit is 'Documentary Credit'. At the very outset one must understand is that Letters of credit deal in documents, not goods. The idea in an international trade transaction is to shift the risk from the actual buyer to a bank. Thus a LC (as it is commonly referred to) is a payment undertaking given by a bank to the seller and is issued on behalf of the applicant i.e. the buyer. The Buyer is the Applicant and the Seller is the Beneficiary. The Bank that issues the LC is referred to as the Issuing Bank which is generally in the country of the Buyer. The Bank that Advises the LC to the Seller is called the Advising Bank which is generally in the country of the Seller.
The specified bank makes the payment upon the successful presentation of the required documents by the seller within the specified time frame. Note that the Bank scrutinizes the 'documents' and not the 'goods' for making payment. Thus the process works both in favor of both the buyer and the seller. The Seller gets assured that if documents are presented on time and in the way that they have been requested on the LC the payment will be made and Buyer on the other hand is assured that the bank will thoroughly examine these presented documents and ensure that they meet the terms and conditions stipulated in the LC.


Typically the documents requested in a Letter of Credit are the following:

1.L/c application from
2.Valid trade license.
3.Import registration corticated (lrc)
4.Tin or inmates declaration
5.Memorandum of association
6.Indent pr Performa Invoice
7.Photographs
8.Bank gurrntee certificate
9.Agreement form
10.Insurance coverage
11.Commercial invoice
12.Transport document such as a Bill of lading or Airway bill,
13. Insurance document;
14.Inspection Certificate
15.Certificate of Origin


But there could be others too.

Letters of credit (LC) deal in documents, not goods. The LC could be 'irrevocable' or 'revocable'. An irrevocable LC cannot be changed unless both the buyer and seller agree. Whereas in a revocable LC changes to the LC can be made without the consent of the beneficiary. A 'sight' LC means that payment is made immediately to the beneficiary/seller/exporter upon presentation of the correct documents in the required time frame. A 'time' or 'date' LC will specify when payment will be made at a future date and upon presentation of the required documents.

Essential Principles Governing Law Within the United States, Article 5 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) governs L/Cs. Article 5 is founded on two principles:
(1) the L/C,s independence from the underlying business transaction, and
 (2) strict compliance with documentary requirements.

1) Strict Compliance
How strict compliance? Some courts insist upon literal compliance, so that a misspelled name or typographical error voids the exporter's/beneficiary's/seller's demand for payment. Other courts require payment upon substantial compliance with documentary requirements. The bank may insist upon strict compliance with the requirements of the L/C. In the absence of conformity with the L/C, the Seller cannot force payment and the bank pays at its own risk. Sellers should be careful and remember that the bank may insist upon strict compliance with all documentary requirements in the LC. If the documents do not conform, the bank should give the seller prompt, detailed notice, specifying all discrepancies and shortfalls.

2) The Independence Doctrine
Letters of credit deal in documents, not goods. L/Cs are purely documentary transactions, separate and independent from the underlying contract between the Buyer and the Seller. The bank honoring the L/C is concerned only to see that the documents conform with the requirements in the L/C. If the documents conform, the bank will pay, and obtain reimbursement from the Buyer/Applicant. The bank need not look past the documents to examine the underlying sale of merchandise or the product itself. The letter of credit is independent from the underlying transaction and, except in rare cases of fraud or forgery, the issuing bank must honor conforming documents. Thus, Sellers are given protections that the issuing bank must honor its demand for payment (which complies with the terms of the L/C) regardless of whether the goods conform with the underlying sale contract.

3 Most Common Reasons why Letters of Credit Fail
1) Time Lines:
The letter of credit should have an expiration date that gives sufficient time to the seller to get all the tasks specified and the documents required in the LC. If the letter of credit expires, the seller is left with no protection. Most LC s fail because Sellers/Exporters/Beneficiaries were unable to perform within the specified time frame in the LC. Three dates are of importance in an LC:

a) The date by when shipment should have occurred. The date on the Bill of Lading.
b) The date by when documents have to be presented to the Bank
c) The expiry date of the LC itself.

A good source to give you an idea of the timelines would be your freight forwarding agent. As a seller check with your freight forwarding agent to see if you would be in a position to comply.

2) Discrepancy within the Letter of Credit:
Letters of credit could also have discrepancies. Even a discrepancy as small as a missing period or comma can render the document invalid. Thus, the earlier in the process the letter of credit is examined, the more time is available to identify and fix the problem. This is another common reason why LCs fail.

3) Compliance with the Documents and Conditions within the Letter of Credit.
Letters of credit are about documents and not facts; the inability to produce a given document at the right time will nullify the letter of credit. As a Seller/Exporter/Beneficiary you should try and run the compliance issues with the various department or individuals involved within your organization to see if compliance would be a problem. And if so, have the LC amended before shipping the goods.
Learning the Terminology of Exporting

INCOTERMS (TRANSPORTATION)
Shipping terms set the parameters for international shipments, specify points of origin and destination, outline conditions under which title is transferred from seller to buyer, and determine which party is responsible for shipping costs. They also indicate which party assumes the cost if merchandise is lost or damaged during transit. To provide a common terminology for international shipping, INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms) have been developed under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce.

All letters of credit contain these elements:
  • A payment undertaking given by the bank (issuing bank)
  • On behalf of the buyer (applicant)
  • To pay a seller (beneficiary)
  • A given amount of money
  • On presentation of specified documents representing the supply of goods
  • Within specific time limits
  • These documents conforming to terms and conditions set out in the letter of credit
  • Documents to be presented at a specified place.

The stages of the letter of credit:
1.    Buyer and seller agree terms, including means of transport, period of credit offered (if any), latest date of shipment, Incomer to be used

2.    Buyer applies to bank for issue of letter of credit. Bank will evaluate buyer's credit standing, and may require cash cover and/or reduction of other lending limits

3.    Issuing bank issues L/C, sending it to the Advising bank by airmail or (more commonly) electronic means such as telex or SWIFT

4.    Advising bank establishes authenticity of the letter of credit using signature books or test codes, then informs seller (beneficiary). Advising bank MAY confirm L/C, i.e. add its own payment undertaking

5.    Seller should now check that L/C matches commercial agreement, and that all its terms and conditions can be satisfied, (e.g. all documents can be obtained in good time.) If there is anything that may cause a problem, an AMENDMENT must be requested.

6.    Seller ships the goods, then assembles the documents called for the L/C (invoice, transport document etc.) Before presenting the documents to the bank, the seller should check them for discrepancies with the L/C, and correct the documents where necessary.

7.    The documents are presented to a bank, often the Advising bank. The Advising bank checks the documents against the L/C. If the documents are compliant, the bank pays the seller and forwards the documents to the Issuing bank

8.    The Issuing bank now checks the documents itself. If they are in order (and it is a sight L/C), it reimburses the seller's bank immediately

9.    The Issuing bank debits the buyer and releases the documents (including transport document), so that the buyer can claim the goods from the carrier.

 
 Different kinds of L/C :
1. Revocable L/C/irrevocable L/C
2. Confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C
3. Sight L/C/since L/C
4. Transferable L/C/untransferable L/C
5. Divisible L/C/indivisible L/C
6. Revolving L/C
7. L/C with T/T reimbursement clause
8. Without recourse L/C/with recourse L/C
9. Documentary L/C/clean L/C
10. Deferred payment L/C/anticipatory L/C
11. Back to back L/Reciprocal L/C
12. TSraveller's L/C(or: circular L/C)

 1. Unconfirmed LC:
 If your credit is unconfirmed neither the advising bank or any nominated bank commits to pay under the credit. Therefore no cash cover is required at the point of establishing the LC, saving possible interest charge on borrowed funds. Payment can be made to the supplier at any time within the validity of the LC, before or after shipment as agreed by both the buyer and seller. Unconfirmed LC also eliminates the ˜confirmation charge" which is the most significant overseas bank charge.

2. Documentary L.C:
A documentary L.C is one which provides for bills to be accompanied by the documents of title to goods. Such as bill of lading, invoice and the marine insurance policy of insurance etc

3. Clean letter of credit:
If there is no condition attach to the bill and the issuing bank makes payment up to a limit of credit, the letter of credit is called clean or open letter of credit. It is payable to the exporter according to his will.

4. Fix Letter of credit:
The amount of this type of letter of credit remains the same within a fix period. When the original fixed amount is used fresh credit is necessary. In other words, a fixed L.C. is that which is available for a fixed total amount payable in one or more than one drafts.

5. Confirmed LC:
 Confirmation of LC could be backed by dollar or local currency borrowings or by outright payment of cash. The LC may be confirmed from the beginning of the transaction or at any point in the life of the LC.

6. Revolving LC:
 If you deal with a particular supplier on a very regular basis, you may save administrative time, effort and bank charges by setting up a revolving credit. This can be set up to revolve either by time or amount to mirror workflow, such as production runs or growth seasons. The major advantage being the savings made in local bank charges by grouping various LC under one Revolving LC.

7. Standby LC:
 Like a bank guarantee, a standby LC is payable on first demand, usually against the beneficiary's simple declaration of non-performance, accompanied by minimal support documentation. This offers the seller maximum control over the claims process. This is ideal for contracts involving regular monthly/periodic shipments. The supplier may wish to be secured against default in payment in open account trading or Bills for collection. Standby LC reduces the bank charges associated with LC transactions, while still providing maximum security for the supplier on various shipments. No cash cover is required for import transactions and payments are made when due eliminating both interest expense and exchange rate risk. Standby LC combines the security associated with LC with the flexibility and reduced cost associated with Bills for collection transactions.

8. An irrevocable LC:
An irrevocable LC cannot be changed unless both the buyer and seller agree. Whereas in a revocable LC changes to the LC can be made without the consent of the beneficiary. A 'sight' LC means that payment is made immediately to the beneficiary/seller/exporter upon presentation of the correct documents in the required time frame. A 'time' or 'date' LC will specify when payment will be made at a future date and upon presentation of the required documents.





Step-by-step process:

- Buyer and seller agree to conduct business. The seller wants a letter of credit to guarantee payment.

- Buyer applies to his bank for a letter of credit in favor of the seller.

- Buyer's bank approves the credit risk of the buyer, issues and forwards the credit to its correspondent bank (advising or confirming). The correspondent bank is usually located in the same geographical location as the seller (beneficiary).

- Advising bank will authenticate the credit and forward the original credit to the seller (beneficiary).

- Seller (beneficiary) ships the goods, then verifies and develops the documentary requirements to support the letter of credit. Documentary requirements may vary greatly depending on the perceived risk involved in dealing with a particular company.

- Seller presents the required documents to the advising or confirming bank to be processed for payment.

- Advising or confirming bank examines the documents for compliance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.

- If the documents are correct, the advising or confirming bank will claim the funds by:
  • Debiting the account of the issuing bank.
  • Waiting until the issuing bank remits, after receiving the documents.
  • Reimburse on another bank as required in the credit.


- Advising or confirming bank will forward the documents to the issuing bank.
Issuing bank will examine the documents for compliance. If they are in order, the issuing bank will debit the buyer's account.

- Issuing bank then forwards the documents to the buyer.

Letter of Credit(L/C) Work Flowchart for Garments Manufacturing Business | Letter of Credit Operation Procedures

Advertisements

A Letter of Credit is a payment term generally used for international sales transactions. It is basically a mechanism, which allows importers/buyers to offer secure terms of payment to exporters/sellers in which a bank (or more than one bank) gets involved. The technical term for Letter of credit is 'Documentary Credit'. At the very outset one must understand is that Letters of credit deal in documents, not goods. The idea in an international trade transaction is to shift the risk from the actual buyer to a bank. Thus a LC (as it is commonly referred to) is a payment undertaking given by a bank to the seller and is issued on behalf of the applicant i.e. the buyer. The Buyer is the Applicant and the Seller is the Beneficiary. The Bank that issues the LC is referred to as the Issuing Bank which is generally in the country of the Buyer. The Bank that Advises the LC to the Seller is called the Advising Bank which is generally in the country of the Seller.
The specified bank makes the payment upon the successful presentation of the required documents by the seller within the specified time frame. Note that the Bank scrutinizes the 'documents' and not the 'goods' for making payment. Thus the process works both in favor of both the buyer and the seller. The Seller gets assured that if documents are presented on time and in the way that they have been requested on the LC the payment will be made and Buyer on the other hand is assured that the bank will thoroughly examine these presented documents and ensure that they meet the terms and conditions stipulated in the LC.


Typically the documents requested in a Letter of Credit are the following:

1.L/c application from
2.Valid trade license.
3.Import registration corticated (lrc)
4.Tin or inmates declaration
5.Memorandum of association
6.Indent pr Performa Invoice
7.Photographs
8.Bank gurrntee certificate
9.Agreement form
10.Insurance coverage
11.Commercial invoice
12.Transport document such as a Bill of lading or Airway bill,
13. Insurance document;
14.Inspection Certificate
15.Certificate of Origin


But there could be others too.

Letters of credit (LC) deal in documents, not goods. The LC could be 'irrevocable' or 'revocable'. An irrevocable LC cannot be changed unless both the buyer and seller agree. Whereas in a revocable LC changes to the LC can be made without the consent of the beneficiary. A 'sight' LC means that payment is made immediately to the beneficiary/seller/exporter upon presentation of the correct documents in the required time frame. A 'time' or 'date' LC will specify when payment will be made at a future date and upon presentation of the required documents.

Essential Principles Governing Law Within the United States, Article 5 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) governs L/Cs. Article 5 is founded on two principles:
(1) the L/C,s independence from the underlying business transaction, and
 (2) strict compliance with documentary requirements.

1) Strict Compliance
How strict compliance? Some courts insist upon literal compliance, so that a misspelled name or typographical error voids the exporter's/beneficiary's/seller's demand for payment. Other courts require payment upon substantial compliance with documentary requirements. The bank may insist upon strict compliance with the requirements of the L/C. In the absence of conformity with the L/C, the Seller cannot force payment and the bank pays at its own risk. Sellers should be careful and remember that the bank may insist upon strict compliance with all documentary requirements in the LC. If the documents do not conform, the bank should give the seller prompt, detailed notice, specifying all discrepancies and shortfalls.

2) The Independence Doctrine
Letters of credit deal in documents, not goods. L/Cs are purely documentary transactions, separate and independent from the underlying contract between the Buyer and the Seller. The bank honoring the L/C is concerned only to see that the documents conform with the requirements in the L/C. If the documents conform, the bank will pay, and obtain reimbursement from the Buyer/Applicant. The bank need not look past the documents to examine the underlying sale of merchandise or the product itself. The letter of credit is independent from the underlying transaction and, except in rare cases of fraud or forgery, the issuing bank must honor conforming documents. Thus, Sellers are given protections that the issuing bank must honor its demand for payment (which complies with the terms of the L/C) regardless of whether the goods conform with the underlying sale contract.

3 Most Common Reasons why Letters of Credit Fail
1) Time Lines:
The letter of credit should have an expiration date that gives sufficient time to the seller to get all the tasks specified and the documents required in the LC. If the letter of credit expires, the seller is left with no protection. Most LC s fail because Sellers/Exporters/Beneficiaries were unable to perform within the specified time frame in the LC. Three dates are of importance in an LC:

a) The date by when shipment should have occurred. The date on the Bill of Lading.
b) The date by when documents have to be presented to the Bank
c) The expiry date of the LC itself.

A good source to give you an idea of the timelines would be your freight forwarding agent. As a seller check with your freight forwarding agent to see if you would be in a position to comply.

2) Discrepancy within the Letter of Credit:
Letters of credit could also have discrepancies. Even a discrepancy as small as a missing period or comma can render the document invalid. Thus, the earlier in the process the letter of credit is examined, the more time is available to identify and fix the problem. This is another common reason why LCs fail.

3) Compliance with the Documents and Conditions within the Letter of Credit.
Letters of credit are about documents and not facts; the inability to produce a given document at the right time will nullify the letter of credit. As a Seller/Exporter/Beneficiary you should try and run the compliance issues with the various department or individuals involved within your organization to see if compliance would be a problem. And if so, have the LC amended before shipping the goods.
Learning the Terminology of Exporting

INCOTERMS (TRANSPORTATION)
Shipping terms set the parameters for international shipments, specify points of origin and destination, outline conditions under which title is transferred from seller to buyer, and determine which party is responsible for shipping costs. They also indicate which party assumes the cost if merchandise is lost or damaged during transit. To provide a common terminology for international shipping, INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms) have been developed under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce.

All letters of credit contain these elements:
  • A payment undertaking given by the bank (issuing bank)
  • On behalf of the buyer (applicant)
  • To pay a seller (beneficiary)
  • A given amount of money
  • On presentation of specified documents representing the supply of goods
  • Within specific time limits
  • These documents conforming to terms and conditions set out in the letter of credit
  • Documents to be presented at a specified place.

The stages of the letter of credit:
1.    Buyer and seller agree terms, including means of transport, period of credit offered (if any), latest date of shipment, Incomer to be used

2.    Buyer applies to bank for issue of letter of credit. Bank will evaluate buyer's credit standing, and may require cash cover and/or reduction of other lending limits

3.    Issuing bank issues L/C, sending it to the Advising bank by airmail or (more commonly) electronic means such as telex or SWIFT

4.    Advising bank establishes authenticity of the letter of credit using signature books or test codes, then informs seller (beneficiary). Advising bank MAY confirm L/C, i.e. add its own payment undertaking

5.    Seller should now check that L/C matches commercial agreement, and that all its terms and conditions can be satisfied, (e.g. all documents can be obtained in good time.) If there is anything that may cause a problem, an AMENDMENT must be requested.

6.    Seller ships the goods, then assembles the documents called for the L/C (invoice, transport document etc.) Before presenting the documents to the bank, the seller should check them for discrepancies with the L/C, and correct the documents where necessary.

7.    The documents are presented to a bank, often the Advising bank. The Advising bank checks the documents against the L/C. If the documents are compliant, the bank pays the seller and forwards the documents to the Issuing bank

8.    The Issuing bank now checks the documents itself. If they are in order (and it is a sight L/C), it reimburses the seller's bank immediately

9.    The Issuing bank debits the buyer and releases the documents (including transport document), so that the buyer can claim the goods from the carrier.

 
 Different kinds of L/C :
1. Revocable L/C/irrevocable L/C
2. Confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C
3. Sight L/C/since L/C
4. Transferable L/C/untransferable L/C
5. Divisible L/C/indivisible L/C
6. Revolving L/C
7. L/C with T/T reimbursement clause
8. Without recourse L/C/with recourse L/C
9. Documentary L/C/clean L/C
10. Deferred payment L/C/anticipatory L/C
11. Back to back L/Reciprocal L/C
12. TSraveller's L/C(or: circular L/C)

 1. Unconfirmed LC:
 If your credit is unconfirmed neither the advising bank or any nominated bank commits to pay under the credit. Therefore no cash cover is required at the point of establishing the LC, saving possible interest charge on borrowed funds. Payment can be made to the supplier at any time within the validity of the LC, before or after shipment as agreed by both the buyer and seller. Unconfirmed LC also eliminates the ˜confirmation charge" which is the most significant overseas bank charge.

2. Documentary L.C:
A documentary L.C is one which provides for bills to be accompanied by the documents of title to goods. Such as bill of lading, invoice and the marine insurance policy of insurance etc

3. Clean letter of credit:
If there is no condition attach to the bill and the issuing bank makes payment up to a limit of credit, the letter of credit is called clean or open letter of credit. It is payable to the exporter according to his will.

4. Fix Letter of credit:
The amount of this type of letter of credit remains the same within a fix period. When the original fixed amount is used fresh credit is necessary. In other words, a fixed L.C. is that which is available for a fixed total amount payable in one or more than one drafts.

5. Confirmed LC:
 Confirmation of LC could be backed by dollar or local currency borrowings or by outright payment of cash. The LC may be confirmed from the beginning of the transaction or at any point in the life of the LC.

6. Revolving LC:
 If you deal with a particular supplier on a very regular basis, you may save administrative time, effort and bank charges by setting up a revolving credit. This can be set up to revolve either by time or amount to mirror workflow, such as production runs or growth seasons. The major advantage being the savings made in local bank charges by grouping various LC under one Revolving LC.

7. Standby LC:
 Like a bank guarantee, a standby LC is payable on first demand, usually against the beneficiary's simple declaration of non-performance, accompanied by minimal support documentation. This offers the seller maximum control over the claims process. This is ideal for contracts involving regular monthly/periodic shipments. The supplier may wish to be secured against default in payment in open account trading or Bills for collection. Standby LC reduces the bank charges associated with LC transactions, while still providing maximum security for the supplier on various shipments. No cash cover is required for import transactions and payments are made when due eliminating both interest expense and exchange rate risk. Standby LC combines the security associated with LC with the flexibility and reduced cost associated with Bills for collection transactions.

8. An irrevocable LC:
An irrevocable LC cannot be changed unless both the buyer and seller agree. Whereas in a revocable LC changes to the LC can be made without the consent of the beneficiary. A 'sight' LC means that payment is made immediately to the beneficiary/seller/exporter upon presentation of the correct documents in the required time frame. A 'time' or 'date' LC will specify when payment will be made at a future date and upon presentation of the required documents.





Step-by-step process:

- Buyer and seller agree to conduct business. The seller wants a letter of credit to guarantee payment.

- Buyer applies to his bank for a letter of credit in favor of the seller.

- Buyer's bank approves the credit risk of the buyer, issues and forwards the credit to its correspondent bank (advising or confirming). The correspondent bank is usually located in the same geographical location as the seller (beneficiary).

- Advising bank will authenticate the credit and forward the original credit to the seller (beneficiary).

- Seller (beneficiary) ships the goods, then verifies and develops the documentary requirements to support the letter of credit. Documentary requirements may vary greatly depending on the perceived risk involved in dealing with a particular company.

- Seller presents the required documents to the advising or confirming bank to be processed for payment.

- Advising or confirming bank examines the documents for compliance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.

- If the documents are correct, the advising or confirming bank will claim the funds by:
  • Debiting the account of the issuing bank.
  • Waiting until the issuing bank remits, after receiving the documents.
  • Reimburse on another bank as required in the credit.


- Advising or confirming bank will forward the documents to the issuing bank.
Issuing bank will examine the documents for compliance. If they are in order, the issuing bank will debit the buyer's account.

- Issuing bank then forwards the documents to the buyer.

Advertisements

Man does not buy garments for temporary or one time used. When we use garments they become dirty and needs to washed off. All types of garment should not wash with general soap or detergent. Some garments need not wash, they are typically dry cleaned and some are washed but not apply in chlorine bleach or any other solvents. Water temperature is also another factor for garment washing because there might be some decorative elements which will be destroyed. So garments should be washed with the specific care instructions suggest by the seller normally. 

To take care of garments there are some symbols and details  which are recognized internationally and they are used in garment care labels. These symbols are usually known as garment care labeling code or symbols.

At a minimum, laundering instructions include, in order, four symbols: washing, bleaching, drying, and ironing. Dry cleaning instructions include one symbol. Additional symbols or words or both may be used to clarify the instructions. The water temperatures listed are provided as a guideline. Actual water temperatures obtained in the home depend on the washing machine settings (hot, warm, cold), regional water supply temperatures, and water heating settings.

To assist consumers in getting information about clothing care, the Federal Trade Commission in 1971 issued the Care Labeling Rule. This Rule requires manufacturers and importers to attach care instructions to garment. A revised version of this Rule became effective on January 2, 1984. The revisions to the Rule were based on information gathered by the Commission through public hearings and written comments. Data revealed that while consumers found care labels to be useful, they also believed labels were often incomplete, inaccurate, and inconsistent.

The revised version of the Rule makes no major modifications. rather, the changes clarify the Rule requirements and simplify the Rule language. The Commission anticipates that these changes will make it easier for industry to comply with the Rule. In turn, consumers will benefit from clearer and more complete care instructions.

Care labels often are a deciding factor when consumers shop for clothing. While some are looking for the convenience of dry cleaning, others prefer the economy of buying garments they can wash. Some manufacturers try to reach both markets with garments that can be cleaned by either method. The Rule allows you to provide more than one set of care instructions, if you have a reasonable basis for each instruction.

The Federal Trade Commission has developed this business manual to assist you in understanding and complying with the Rule. If you have questions not addressed in this booklet, write to the Federal Trade Commission, Enforcement Division. Bureau of Consumer Protection, Washington, D. C. 20580.

Wash Care Symbols and Details



Bleaching Care Symbols 



Drying Care Symbols



Dry Cleaning Symbols



 Ironing Symbols

International Wash Care Instructions Used in Garment | Home Laundering and Drycleaning Symbols for Clothing

Advertisements
Man does not buy garments for temporary or one time used. When we use garments they become dirty and needs to washed off. All types of garment should not wash with general soap or detergent. Some garments need not wash, they are typically dry cleaned and some are washed but not apply in chlorine bleach or any other solvents. Water temperature is also another factor for garment washing because there might be some decorative elements which will be destroyed. So garments should be washed with the specific care instructions suggest by the seller normally. 

To take care of garments there are some symbols and details  which are recognized internationally and they are used in garment care labels. These symbols are usually known as garment care labeling code or symbols.

At a minimum, laundering instructions include, in order, four symbols: washing, bleaching, drying, and ironing. Dry cleaning instructions include one symbol. Additional symbols or words or both may be used to clarify the instructions. The water temperatures listed are provided as a guideline. Actual water temperatures obtained in the home depend on the washing machine settings (hot, warm, cold), regional water supply temperatures, and water heating settings.

To assist consumers in getting information about clothing care, the Federal Trade Commission in 1971 issued the Care Labeling Rule. This Rule requires manufacturers and importers to attach care instructions to garment. A revised version of this Rule became effective on January 2, 1984. The revisions to the Rule were based on information gathered by the Commission through public hearings and written comments. Data revealed that while consumers found care labels to be useful, they also believed labels were often incomplete, inaccurate, and inconsistent.

The revised version of the Rule makes no major modifications. rather, the changes clarify the Rule requirements and simplify the Rule language. The Commission anticipates that these changes will make it easier for industry to comply with the Rule. In turn, consumers will benefit from clearer and more complete care instructions.

Care labels often are a deciding factor when consumers shop for clothing. While some are looking for the convenience of dry cleaning, others prefer the economy of buying garments they can wash. Some manufacturers try to reach both markets with garments that can be cleaned by either method. The Rule allows you to provide more than one set of care instructions, if you have a reasonable basis for each instruction.

The Federal Trade Commission has developed this business manual to assist you in understanding and complying with the Rule. If you have questions not addressed in this booklet, write to the Federal Trade Commission, Enforcement Division. Bureau of Consumer Protection, Washington, D. C. 20580.

Wash Care Symbols and Details



Bleaching Care Symbols 



Drying Care Symbols



Dry Cleaning Symbols



 Ironing Symbols

Advertisements

Costing is very important for getting an order as well as it focuses the future trends of any industry. To make a effective, profitable and competitive cost sheet one must know about all the processes involves in garments manufacturing very well. All the updated news and costs of fabric, CM of particular garments, trims, wash cost, embroidery cost, traveling cost, terms of payments must be known. Merchandiser is the key person who is responsible for the costing of any item. Now the world is becoming more competitive for garments market and manufacturing as well. So a competitive cost sheet of any item affect the growth of any company.While the industry recorded a remarkable growth in a protected market environment, it faces a series of challenges that have come to the fore in the post-quota situation, notably in areas such as:

  • Price competitiveness.
  • Faster lead times.
  • High raw material base.
  • Full service offering.
  • Access to market. "A Cost is the value of economic resources used as a result of producing or doing the things costed".

Garments costing is effectively dependent on the fabrication. We all know that there are main two types of garments are available, knit and woven. Fabric consumption is one of the main element of garments costing. You can save much with doing better fabric consumption for both woven and knit. Woven fabrics are generally calculated in yards and knit fabrics are in kgs.



The basic requirements of garments costing are-
  • Fabric Consumption
  • CM of  particular styles
  • Printing cost
  • Embroidery cost
  • Wash cost
  • Trims cost(Zipper, button, Label, Tape etc)
  • Accessories cost (Tag pin, Hanger, Price Ticket, Hang Tag etc)
  • Traveling cost

 Now the thing is that how will you get those things to make a cost sheet. For fabric consumption you can follow the consumption formulas to find out how many fabrics are required for a garment and the measurement you will get from the techpack given by buyer. Now for CM you can get assist from your manager of higher management to get a effective CM. For wash cost please see the costing manual given by buyer and for printing and embroidery will depend on styles. For trims and accessories you must follow the BOM (Bill Of Materials) given by buyer for a specific style. I am sharing a BOM with you to know well.

BOM(Bill of Materials)
Now you required a costing sheet or format where you put the item name and values to get the final FOB of a style.A well decorated cost sheet makes the job easier and faster.If you use a cost sheet there is a less chance to miss any particular costing heads when you are in hurry. Many times it is needed to know how we reach to the final FOB. A well designed cost sheet will help you trace all details of costing. Cost sheet will also gives cost break up for future reference.

If you have product technical sheet then you can calculate the exact fabric consumption of a garment. Average fabric consumption also depends on nature of the fabric, like tubular or open width fabric. Whether fabric is solid colored, check or stripe or any specific design repeat required. 

Knit Garments Costing Sheet Format:



 Woven Garments Costing Sheet Format:



 If anyone needs to get the excel format please mil me on fkweb24@gmail.com as well.

Garemnt Costing Procedure | Details of Garment Costing | Woven and Knit Garment Cost Sheet

Advertisements
Costing is very important for getting an order as well as it focuses the future trends of any industry. To make a effective, profitable and competitive cost sheet one must know about all the processes involves in garments manufacturing very well. All the updated news and costs of fabric, CM of particular garments, trims, wash cost, embroidery cost, traveling cost, terms of payments must be known. Merchandiser is the key person who is responsible for the costing of any item. Now the world is becoming more competitive for garments market and manufacturing as well. So a competitive cost sheet of any item affect the growth of any company.While the industry recorded a remarkable growth in a protected market environment, it faces a series of challenges that have come to the fore in the post-quota situation, notably in areas such as:

  • Price competitiveness.
  • Faster lead times.
  • High raw material base.
  • Full service offering.
  • Access to market. "A Cost is the value of economic resources used as a result of producing or doing the things costed".

Garments costing is effectively dependent on the fabrication. We all know that there are main two types of garments are available, knit and woven. Fabric consumption is one of the main element of garments costing. You can save much with doing better fabric consumption for both woven and knit. Woven fabrics are generally calculated in yards and knit fabrics are in kgs.



The basic requirements of garments costing are-
  • Fabric Consumption
  • CM of  particular styles
  • Printing cost
  • Embroidery cost
  • Wash cost
  • Trims cost(Zipper, button, Label, Tape etc)
  • Accessories cost (Tag pin, Hanger, Price Ticket, Hang Tag etc)
  • Traveling cost

 Now the thing is that how will you get those things to make a cost sheet. For fabric consumption you can follow the consumption formulas to find out how many fabrics are required for a garment and the measurement you will get from the techpack given by buyer. Now for CM you can get assist from your manager of higher management to get a effective CM. For wash cost please see the costing manual given by buyer and for printing and embroidery will depend on styles. For trims and accessories you must follow the BOM (Bill Of Materials) given by buyer for a specific style. I am sharing a BOM with you to know well.

BOM(Bill of Materials)
Now you required a costing sheet or format where you put the item name and values to get the final FOB of a style.A well decorated cost sheet makes the job easier and faster.If you use a cost sheet there is a less chance to miss any particular costing heads when you are in hurry. Many times it is needed to know how we reach to the final FOB. A well designed cost sheet will help you trace all details of costing. Cost sheet will also gives cost break up for future reference.

If you have product technical sheet then you can calculate the exact fabric consumption of a garment. Average fabric consumption also depends on nature of the fabric, like tubular or open width fabric. Whether fabric is solid colored, check or stripe or any specific design repeat required. 

Knit Garments Costing Sheet Format:



 Woven Garments Costing Sheet Format:



 If anyone needs to get the excel format please mil me on fkweb24@gmail.com as well.
Advertisements

The most common and traditional system of garment production is progressive bundle. Still now it has been used more than other systems.

This system of apparel  production is so called because the bundles of garment parts that are forward sequentially from one process to another. There need to complete a specific operation or component. For example neck join is a single process, through this kind of system an operator will join neck of full bundle then it will forward to another operator.


This kind of system has been called as its name from the bundles of garment parts that are moved sequentially from one to another operation. It is often referred to as the traditional process, has been widely used by the manufacturers for several decades and still in today. The American Apparel Manufacturers Association (AAMA) Technical Advisory Committee (1993) reported that 80 percent of the manufacturers use it. They also predicted that use of this type of system would decrease as firms seek more flexibility.


Bundle sizes may range from two to a hundred parts. Some industries operate with a standard bundle size of particular garments, whereas others vary bundle sizes according to cutting orders, fabric shading, size of the pieces in the bundle, and the operation that is to be completed. Some of them use a dozen or multiples of a dozen of garments because their sales are in dozens. Bundles of garments are assembled in the cutting room where cut parts are matched up with similar parts and bundle tickets.

Bundles of cut parts are transferred to the sewing section to concern operators and they are scheduled to complete the production. One operator is expected to perform the same operation on all the pieces in the bundle, retie the bundle, process coupon, and set it aside until it is picked up and moved to the next operator. In this process may require a high volume of work in process cause of the number of units in the bundles and the large buffer of backup that is needed to ensure a continuous work flow for all operators.

It might be used with a skill center or line layout depending on the order that bundles are advanced through production. Each style may have different processing requirements and thus different routing. Routing identifies the basic operations, sequences of  production, and the skill centers where those  operations are to be performed. Many of the operations are common to multiple styles in that case work may build up waiting to be processed.


Advantages of  progressive bundle system:
The of this system is of making may depend on how the production system is set up and used in a plant. It may allow better utilization of specialized machines, as output from one special purpose automated machine may be able to supply several operators for the next operation. Small bundles of fabrics allow faster throughout unless there are bottlenecks and extensive waiting between operations.

Disadvantages of progressive bundle system:
This processing type is driven by cost efficiency for individual operations. The operators perform the same operation on a continuing basis, which allows them to increase their speed and productivity but who are compensated by piece rates become extremely efficient at one piece operation and may not be willing to learn a new style because it reduces their efficiency and earnings. Individuals that work here  are dependent on other operators and the final product.

Slow processing, absenteeism, and equipment failure may also cause major bottlenecks within the system. Large quantities of work in process are often characteristic this may lead to longer throughput time, poor quality concealed by bundles of fabrics, large inventory, extra handling, and difficulty in controlling inventory of whole processing.
 

Progressive Bundle System of Garments Production | Traditional Garment Production System

Advertisements
The most common and traditional system of garment production is progressive bundle. Still now it has been used more than other systems.

This system of apparel  production is so called because the bundles of garment parts that are forward sequentially from one process to another. There need to complete a specific operation or component. For example neck join is a single process, through this kind of system an operator will join neck of full bundle then it will forward to another operator.


This kind of system has been called as its name from the bundles of garment parts that are moved sequentially from one to another operation. It is often referred to as the traditional process, has been widely used by the manufacturers for several decades and still in today. The American Apparel Manufacturers Association (AAMA) Technical Advisory Committee (1993) reported that 80 percent of the manufacturers use it. They also predicted that use of this type of system would decrease as firms seek more flexibility.


Bundle sizes may range from two to a hundred parts. Some industries operate with a standard bundle size of particular garments, whereas others vary bundle sizes according to cutting orders, fabric shading, size of the pieces in the bundle, and the operation that is to be completed. Some of them use a dozen or multiples of a dozen of garments because their sales are in dozens. Bundles of garments are assembled in the cutting room where cut parts are matched up with similar parts and bundle tickets.

Bundles of cut parts are transferred to the sewing section to concern operators and they are scheduled to complete the production. One operator is expected to perform the same operation on all the pieces in the bundle, retie the bundle, process coupon, and set it aside until it is picked up and moved to the next operator. In this process may require a high volume of work in process cause of the number of units in the bundles and the large buffer of backup that is needed to ensure a continuous work flow for all operators.

It might be used with a skill center or line layout depending on the order that bundles are advanced through production. Each style may have different processing requirements and thus different routing. Routing identifies the basic operations, sequences of  production, and the skill centers where those  operations are to be performed. Many of the operations are common to multiple styles in that case work may build up waiting to be processed.


Advantages of  progressive bundle system:
The of this system is of making may depend on how the production system is set up and used in a plant. It may allow better utilization of specialized machines, as output from one special purpose automated machine may be able to supply several operators for the next operation. Small bundles of fabrics allow faster throughout unless there are bottlenecks and extensive waiting between operations.

Disadvantages of progressive bundle system:
This processing type is driven by cost efficiency for individual operations. The operators perform the same operation on a continuing basis, which allows them to increase their speed and productivity but who are compensated by piece rates become extremely efficient at one piece operation and may not be willing to learn a new style because it reduces their efficiency and earnings. Individuals that work here  are dependent on other operators and the final product.

Slow processing, absenteeism, and equipment failure may also cause major bottlenecks within the system. Large quantities of work in process are often characteristic this may lead to longer throughput time, poor quality concealed by bundles of fabrics, large inventory, extra handling, and difficulty in controlling inventory of whole processing.
 
Advertisements

From the process flow chart of textile processing we have already known garments making is the final stage of any textile material. This is the final stage where garments are being ready to wear by the customers. Garment making is the key objective of any textile processing so we can treat this as much valuable portion of textile production. It includes the production of finished cloths. This is an integration of materials handling, production processes, personnel, and equipment that directs work flow and generates finished goods.

The below mentioned types of systems commonly used for bulk production:
To get more successful result each and every system requires an appropriate management philosophy, materials handling methods, floor layout for spreading, , cutting & sewing,  and employee training. Firms may combine or adapt these systems to meet their desired quantity they need. Industries either use only one system or a combination of two or more for a single line, or different systems for different lines in the same unit.

Progressive Bundle System:
This system of apparel  production is so called because the bundles of garment parts that are forward sequentially from one process to another. There need to complete a specific operation or component. For example neck join is a single process, through this kind of system an operator will join neck of full bundle then it will forward to another operator.


Overhead or Unit Production System
This kind of system is a type of line feeding that uses an overhead transporter system to forward  parts from work station to work station for assembly. All the components for a single garment to be advanced through the production line together by means of a hanging carrier that travels along an overhead conveyor.

Modular Production System
It is a contained, manageable work unit that includes an empowered work team, equipment, and work to be executed. Modules frequently operate as mini-factories with teams responsible for group goals and self-management. The number of teams in a plant varies with the size and needs of the firm and product line in factories.

Make Through System
Through this system only one man can make a garment alone with doing all task to complete the whole process.It is frequently done in tailors where the tailor even makes pattern or use common patterns to cut fabric and does finishing of the garment. Single person of tailor shops do all jobs from cut to pack. In this system tailors are not depended to others.

Section Production System
This system is similar to the traditional progressive bundle system. But the difference is that, instead of one line, work is divided into multiple sections. Machines of similar operations are clubbed together instead of spreading over in all lines. For example, when a man’s formal shirt is being made in a section layout – collars, cuffs and sleeves are in the preparatory sections and then send to the assembly section. This system is popular to improve line balancing and utilization of human resources.

One Piece Flow System 
In this system an operator will responsible to make his operation as single garment basis and forward it to another operator. Instead of making a bundle of multiple pieces, bundle is made with all components of a single piece. Sewing machines in One-piece-flow system can be laid in a straight line or modular line. The key advantages of this system are less through put time, less WIP in the line.

Piece Rate Production System
This is one kind of  most popular production system in small and unorganized garment industries. Though people called it piece rate system, actually it is not a production system. Whatever Production system is used as mentioned above, when operators are paid according their works  that means how many pieces produced in an hour or a day, is named as piece rate system. Where workers gets value than traditional systems and will be paid day to day basis as well.

Combinations of Production Systems 
Factories may use first processing method for producing small parts combined with modular method. This reduces the investment in specialized equipment and reduces the team size needed. Industry consultants believe that a modular system combined with a unit system provides the most flexibility, fastest throughput, and most consistent quality. This would be particularly useful for large items such as overalls or heavy coats. The UPS would move the garment instead of the operators. Each manufacturer needs to determine what is best for specific styles.

Garment Production Systems | Production Systems in a Typical Apparel Manufacturing Industry

Advertisements
From the process flow chart of textile processing we have already known garments making is the final stage of any textile material. This is the final stage where garments are being ready to wear by the customers. Garment making is the key objective of any textile processing so we can treat this as much valuable portion of textile production. It includes the production of finished cloths. This is an integration of materials handling, production processes, personnel, and equipment that directs work flow and generates finished goods.

The below mentioned types of systems commonly used for bulk production:
To get more successful result each and every system requires an appropriate management philosophy, materials handling methods, floor layout for spreading, , cutting & sewing,  and employee training. Firms may combine or adapt these systems to meet their desired quantity they need. Industries either use only one system or a combination of two or more for a single line, or different systems for different lines in the same unit.

Progressive Bundle System:
This system of apparel  production is so called because the bundles of garment parts that are forward sequentially from one process to another. There need to complete a specific operation or component. For example neck join is a single process, through this kind of system an operator will join neck of full bundle then it will forward to another operator.


Overhead or Unit Production System
This kind of system is a type of line feeding that uses an overhead transporter system to forward  parts from work station to work station for assembly. All the components for a single garment to be advanced through the production line together by means of a hanging carrier that travels along an overhead conveyor.

Modular Production System
It is a contained, manageable work unit that includes an empowered work team, equipment, and work to be executed. Modules frequently operate as mini-factories with teams responsible for group goals and self-management. The number of teams in a plant varies with the size and needs of the firm and product line in factories.

Make Through System
Through this system only one man can make a garment alone with doing all task to complete the whole process.It is frequently done in tailors where the tailor even makes pattern or use common patterns to cut fabric and does finishing of the garment. Single person of tailor shops do all jobs from cut to pack. In this system tailors are not depended to others.

Section Production System
This system is similar to the traditional progressive bundle system. But the difference is that, instead of one line, work is divided into multiple sections. Machines of similar operations are clubbed together instead of spreading over in all lines. For example, when a man’s formal shirt is being made in a section layout – collars, cuffs and sleeves are in the preparatory sections and then send to the assembly section. This system is popular to improve line balancing and utilization of human resources.

One Piece Flow System 
In this system an operator will responsible to make his operation as single garment basis and forward it to another operator. Instead of making a bundle of multiple pieces, bundle is made with all components of a single piece. Sewing machines in One-piece-flow system can be laid in a straight line or modular line. The key advantages of this system are less through put time, less WIP in the line.

Piece Rate Production System
This is one kind of  most popular production system in small and unorganized garment industries. Though people called it piece rate system, actually it is not a production system. Whatever Production system is used as mentioned above, when operators are paid according their works  that means how many pieces produced in an hour or a day, is named as piece rate system. Where workers gets value than traditional systems and will be paid day to day basis as well.

Combinations of Production Systems 
Factories may use first processing method for producing small parts combined with modular method. This reduces the investment in specialized equipment and reduces the team size needed. Industry consultants believe that a modular system combined with a unit system provides the most flexibility, fastest throughput, and most consistent quality. This would be particularly useful for large items such as overalls or heavy coats. The UPS would move the garment instead of the operators. Each manufacturer needs to determine what is best for specific styles.
Advertisements


Stitching or sewing can be defines as the joining of two or more parts by sewing thread to make seam line through various methods. It’s one f the key process of garment manufacturing. Sewing section is the biggest section in a garments industry. The main purpose of sewing is to produce seam.
Basic Features of Sewing Machines:
I.    They are generally available in 3 versions for sewing light, medium or heavy weight materials.
II.    With the addition of a programmable microprocessor control system.
III.    Many versions of this machine have bobbins which hold 50% more thread than the conventional bobbin.
IV.    Electronically controlled thread cutting,tacking,needle positioning and foot lifting systems have become standard equipment on these and many other machines.
The most common machine which are used in garments industries are as follows-
I.    Plain Sewing M/C 
II.    Overlock M/c (3, 4 and 4 Thread)
III.    Flatlock M/C
IV.    Button Sewing M/C
V.    Kansai Special M/C
VI.    Feed of the Arm
VII.    Button Holing M/C
VIII.    Button Attaching M/C
IX.    Bartacking Machine
X.    Fusing M/C
XI.    Ironing M/C


Advancement of Plain Sewing Machine: The modern plain sewing machine has following advanced features-


Auto needle up-down:-This one is huge. It makes sewing so many different project SO much easier! When you press the needle up/down button, it will make sure the needle always stops in either the up or down position at the end of your seam.
                           
Locking Stitch Button: Just like it sounds, this button locks your stitch for you, basically making it so you don't have to sew backward (or back-tack) at the start and end of a seam.

One Hand Needle Threader: This is a needle threader built into the machine. Usually, you pull down a special mechanism, which catches your thread and pokes it through the eye of the needle for you, so you don't have to strain to see. It's a great time-saver and minimizes frustration.

Knee Lift: A knee lift is a lever that hooks into the side of the machine and hangs over the table to your - well, to your knee. Otherwise, why would they call it a knee lift? When this apparatus is plugged into the machine, it allows you to raise and lower the presser foot by pushing the knee lift, so you can keep your hands on your fabric.

Automatic Thread Cutter: This feature is something found mostly on the very high quality machines, but it is fantastic! When you touch the scissor key, it snips your top and bobbin thread for you.

Speed Control Slider: This is like the cruise control of sewing. It helps keep you on task if you want to go slowly and carefully or pushes the limit when you're ready to roll, like when stitching long, straight seams.


Advancement of Over lock Sewing Machine:

Three Thread Overlock With A Microprocessor: Based on a regular sewing m/c this version is used for the assembly seaming of garments made up of light weight knitted fabrics.

The modernization of the machine includes a microprocessor which enables the accurate calibration of stitch tension without manually adjusting the spring tensioners, and permits automatic cutting of the thread chain at the beginning and end of seams.

  A “tractor-foot” can be fitted to this m/c when sewing seams with varying thickness.Speed of this m/c is upto 8500 rpm where in traditional sewing m/c speed is upto 6500rpm.
Advancement of Kansai Machine: Kansai Special FX series:

FX series is a versatile multi-needle, cylinder bed, double chain stitch machine with vertical looper movement mechanism.

Major features of this series are wide range of available gauge sizes (4~12 needles) , cylinder bed (420mm in circumference), elastic guide roller and Kansai Special's unique rear puller mechanism.
These features make this series popular for attaching preclosed elastic.

Kansai Special's unique UTC (automatic thread cutter) increases productivity by trimming thread accurately and leaving less thread, which curtail production cost.

Applications:
Attaching elastic and line tape to sweat pants, pajamas, trunks and similar garments. 

Advancement of Flat lock Machine:

 High Speed Stretch Sewing Machine
We are a leading company to supply a well designed and well developed High Speed Stretch Sewing Machine made with fine grade raw materials on the basis of industrial parameters.  Highly useful for kit items and garment seaming, this machine has flat lock machine has been connected with oil recycle system to avoid any leakage of the oil.       

    

Development Of The Feed Of The Arm Machine: (SX-6 T803PD-Feed Of The Arm M/C)
SX series is a 3 needle feed off the arm, double chain stitch machine with upper puller.Major features of this series are upper puller and differential feed mechanism. These features feed the fabric uniformly so that the machine can inseam jeans even at the cross seam sections.Puckering is no longer your concern.
     

Applications: lap seaming or side seaming on heavy weight fabrics such as jeans and work pants.

Features Of Some Special Types Of Sewing Machine:

Various special types of sewing machine are available in market.They are used for various purposes related to sewing.Some those are described below:

Smocking Machine: Smocking is an embroidery technique with its first recorded use as a type of hand stitching used for the purpose of producing elasticity and stretch within garments before elastic was created. This technique is also implemented to control the fullness of a piece of fabric.

Smocking is used when fashioning garments, as well as when making curtains, upholstery pieces, and clothing for dolls, among other things.
(KS-1312PS) These Sewing Machines have special type of make comprised of 12 needles flat-bed chain stitch PMD Machine. These products have intense efficiency that has maximum resistance towards mechanical deflection.

Quilting Machine:
The SINGER CONFIDENCE QUILTER sewing machine is the perfect machine for new and skilled quilters alike. With many advanced features including the DROP & SEW bobbin system,

programmable needle up/down, drop feed for free motion sewing, twin needle sewing capability, extension table and push-button stitch selection, sewing and quilting are enjoyable and relaxing. 98 stitch patterns, adjustable stitch length and width and standard accessories, including popular quilting presser feet allows for ultimate creativity.

Electronic Direct Drive Lockstitch Button Holer: HE-800B

•    Less sewing troubles with the newly designed hook
•    Beautiful sewing finishes even fine patterns
•    High energy saving by direct drive system
•    Easy and operator-intuitive operation panel
•    Comfortable sewing with less noise

Characteristics of This Machine:
I.    Lockstitch
II.    Button Holing
III.    Thread Trimmer
IV.    Direct Drive

Typical Application: Jacket, Shirt, Blouse etc.

Blind Stitch Sewing Machine:
A blind stitch in sewing is a method of joining two pieces of fabric so that the stitch thread is invisible, or nearly invisible.There are several techniques for creating a blind stitch by hand sewing. A common technique used to create a hem, or "blind hem", hides the stitches on both sides of the garment.

Blind Stitch Machine:
A sewing machine can also create a blind hem. In this case, a specialty presser foot is needed. A zigzag stitch technique may be used with a sewing machine to create a blind stitch.

Picoting Machine: This machine is suitable for decorative stitches on ladies dresses,shirts,handicraft,necktie,tablecloth etc.Applied with timing belt mechanism,providing smooth & noseless stitching even in high speed running.        

Garments Sewing Machines | Overview of Garments Sewing Machines | Recenet Development of Sewing Machine

Advertisements

Stitching or sewing can be defines as the joining of two or more parts by sewing thread to make seam line through various methods. It’s one f the key process of garment manufacturing. Sewing section is the biggest section in a garments industry. The main purpose of sewing is to produce seam.
Basic Features of Sewing Machines:
I.    They are generally available in 3 versions for sewing light, medium or heavy weight materials.
II.    With the addition of a programmable microprocessor control system.
III.    Many versions of this machine have bobbins which hold 50% more thread than the conventional bobbin.
IV.    Electronically controlled thread cutting,tacking,needle positioning and foot lifting systems have become standard equipment on these and many other machines.
The most common machine which are used in garments industries are as follows-
I.    Plain Sewing M/C 
II.    Overlock M/c (3, 4 and 4 Thread)
III.    Flatlock M/C
IV.    Button Sewing M/C
V.    Kansai Special M/C
VI.    Feed of the Arm
VII.    Button Holing M/C
VIII.    Button Attaching M/C
IX.    Bartacking Machine
X.    Fusing M/C
XI.    Ironing M/C


Advancement of Plain Sewing Machine: The modern plain sewing machine has following advanced features-


Auto needle up-down:-This one is huge. It makes sewing so many different project SO much easier! When you press the needle up/down button, it will make sure the needle always stops in either the up or down position at the end of your seam.
                           
Locking Stitch Button: Just like it sounds, this button locks your stitch for you, basically making it so you don't have to sew backward (or back-tack) at the start and end of a seam.

One Hand Needle Threader: This is a needle threader built into the machine. Usually, you pull down a special mechanism, which catches your thread and pokes it through the eye of the needle for you, so you don't have to strain to see. It's a great time-saver and minimizes frustration.

Knee Lift: A knee lift is a lever that hooks into the side of the machine and hangs over the table to your - well, to your knee. Otherwise, why would they call it a knee lift? When this apparatus is plugged into the machine, it allows you to raise and lower the presser foot by pushing the knee lift, so you can keep your hands on your fabric.

Automatic Thread Cutter: This feature is something found mostly on the very high quality machines, but it is fantastic! When you touch the scissor key, it snips your top and bobbin thread for you.

Speed Control Slider: This is like the cruise control of sewing. It helps keep you on task if you want to go slowly and carefully or pushes the limit when you're ready to roll, like when stitching long, straight seams.


Advancement of Over lock Sewing Machine:

Three Thread Overlock With A Microprocessor: Based on a regular sewing m/c this version is used for the assembly seaming of garments made up of light weight knitted fabrics.

The modernization of the machine includes a microprocessor which enables the accurate calibration of stitch tension without manually adjusting the spring tensioners, and permits automatic cutting of the thread chain at the beginning and end of seams.

  A “tractor-foot” can be fitted to this m/c when sewing seams with varying thickness.Speed of this m/c is upto 8500 rpm where in traditional sewing m/c speed is upto 6500rpm.
Advancement of Kansai Machine: Kansai Special FX series:

FX series is a versatile multi-needle, cylinder bed, double chain stitch machine with vertical looper movement mechanism.

Major features of this series are wide range of available gauge sizes (4~12 needles) , cylinder bed (420mm in circumference), elastic guide roller and Kansai Special's unique rear puller mechanism.
These features make this series popular for attaching preclosed elastic.

Kansai Special's unique UTC (automatic thread cutter) increases productivity by trimming thread accurately and leaving less thread, which curtail production cost.

Applications:
Attaching elastic and line tape to sweat pants, pajamas, trunks and similar garments. 

Advancement of Flat lock Machine:

 High Speed Stretch Sewing Machine
We are a leading company to supply a well designed and well developed High Speed Stretch Sewing Machine made with fine grade raw materials on the basis of industrial parameters.  Highly useful for kit items and garment seaming, this machine has flat lock machine has been connected with oil recycle system to avoid any leakage of the oil.       

    

Development Of The Feed Of The Arm Machine: (SX-6 T803PD-Feed Of The Arm M/C)
SX series is a 3 needle feed off the arm, double chain stitch machine with upper puller.Major features of this series are upper puller and differential feed mechanism. These features feed the fabric uniformly so that the machine can inseam jeans even at the cross seam sections.Puckering is no longer your concern.
     

Applications: lap seaming or side seaming on heavy weight fabrics such as jeans and work pants.

Features Of Some Special Types Of Sewing Machine:

Various special types of sewing machine are available in market.They are used for various purposes related to sewing.Some those are described below:

Smocking Machine: Smocking is an embroidery technique with its first recorded use as a type of hand stitching used for the purpose of producing elasticity and stretch within garments before elastic was created. This technique is also implemented to control the fullness of a piece of fabric.

Smocking is used when fashioning garments, as well as when making curtains, upholstery pieces, and clothing for dolls, among other things.
(KS-1312PS) These Sewing Machines have special type of make comprised of 12 needles flat-bed chain stitch PMD Machine. These products have intense efficiency that has maximum resistance towards mechanical deflection.

Quilting Machine:
The SINGER CONFIDENCE QUILTER sewing machine is the perfect machine for new and skilled quilters alike. With many advanced features including the DROP & SEW bobbin system,

programmable needle up/down, drop feed for free motion sewing, twin needle sewing capability, extension table and push-button stitch selection, sewing and quilting are enjoyable and relaxing. 98 stitch patterns, adjustable stitch length and width and standard accessories, including popular quilting presser feet allows for ultimate creativity.

Electronic Direct Drive Lockstitch Button Holer: HE-800B

•    Less sewing troubles with the newly designed hook
•    Beautiful sewing finishes even fine patterns
•    High energy saving by direct drive system
•    Easy and operator-intuitive operation panel
•    Comfortable sewing with less noise

Characteristics of This Machine:
I.    Lockstitch
II.    Button Holing
III.    Thread Trimmer
IV.    Direct Drive

Typical Application: Jacket, Shirt, Blouse etc.

Blind Stitch Sewing Machine:
A blind stitch in sewing is a method of joining two pieces of fabric so that the stitch thread is invisible, or nearly invisible.There are several techniques for creating a blind stitch by hand sewing. A common technique used to create a hem, or "blind hem", hides the stitches on both sides of the garment.

Blind Stitch Machine:
A sewing machine can also create a blind hem. In this case, a specialty presser foot is needed. A zigzag stitch technique may be used with a sewing machine to create a blind stitch.

Picoting Machine: This machine is suitable for decorative stitches on ladies dresses,shirts,handicraft,necktie,tablecloth etc.Applied with timing belt mechanism,providing smooth & noseless stitching even in high speed running.        
Advertisements

© 2013 Textile Aid . WP Theme-junkie converted by Bloggertheme9
Blogger templates. Proudly Powered by Blogger.
back to top